Теория и практика применения разработанных лексико-грамматических заданий на занятиях иностранного языка для повышения профессионально-лексических компетенций будущих юристов.
Мною были рассмотрены несколько источников, но именно приведенные ниже стали опорой для моих методических разработок:
Callanan Helen, Edwards Lynda - Absolute Legal English – 2011.
Данный учебник не только позволяет улучшить английский язык в области права, но также является методическим пособием для подготовки к экзамену ILEC, который является экзаменом, проверяющим уровень английского правовой направленности для студентов, изучающих право, и юристов. Экзамен основан на реальных заданиях, которые встречаются в повседневной жизни практикующих юристов.
Just English. Английский для юристов. Базовый курс. Ю.Л. Гуманова, В.А. Королева – МакАри, М.Л. Свешникова, Е.В. Тихомирова. Под редакцией Т.Н. Шишкиной
Учебное пособие предназначено для студентов начальных курсов и включает в себя базовые материалы на английском языке по основам криминологии и криминалистики, принципы судебного разбирательства, обзор исправительных учреждений разных стран. В учебник включены современные аутентичные профессионально ориентированные материалы из правовых и общественно-политических источников Великобритании и США, обработанные и адаптированные для студентов юридического профиля. Комплексный подход и междисциплинарные связи позволяют учитывать степень знакомства с обсуждаемой проблематикой на родном языке. Интенсивность достигается за счет предоставления разнообразных текстов и заданий различного объема и степени сложности в пределах одного раздела. Современные методы дают возможность последовательно провести студентов по разделам специальной лексики, сформировать основные навыки работы - литературой по специальности и использовать полученные знания для беседы и дискуссии на изученные темы.
Пособие позволяет обучать студентов с различным уровнем знаний и обеспечивает широкие возможности аудиторной и самостоятельной работы. Правовая лексика вводится тематически, закрепляется в разнообразных упражнениях и находит свое применение в дискуссиях и ролевых играх.
Анализ заданий и разработка лексико-грамматических заданий собственных заданий.
Мною были отобраны темы, которые вводят студентов в курс Правоведения, а именно когда и в каких странах возникли первые правовые документы. Во всех работах отрабатываются юридические термины, а также студенты вспоминают уже известные им лексические единицы, но уже в новом значении.
Внедрение в педагогическую деятельность разработанных лексико-грамматических заданий.
В 2017-2018 учебном году были разработаны приведенные темы, ввиду наличия специальных терминов, фразовых словосочетаний, а также ограниченного количества словарей в кабинете и с целью их качественного освоения материала, изучение этих тем было разбито на несколько занятий.
Работа№1 «Рождение Права. Законы Вавилона», была разбита на 2 пары: на 1 занятии студенты знакомятся с общими понятиями, переводя статью, а также выполняя лексические упражнения в этой статье, на 2 занятии студенты знакомятся со второй статьей, и проводится письменный перевод с использованием новых слов.
В работе №2 «Древняя Греция и Рим. Юридическое наследие Древней Греции и Рима» студенты продолжают знакомиться с историей развития права в Древнем мире. Помимо перевода статьи, студенты вспоминают тему словообразование и работают с уже знакомыми лексическими единицами, но в сфере Юриспруденции, отрабатывают ее с помощью составления предложений.
Работа №3 «Создание Британского права: Хартия Вольностей» оканчивает курс исторического развития права в мире: приведенная статья знакомит студентов с историей и переходит к лексике формы правления, правительство.
Работа №4 «Преступления и преступники» одна из самых близких для студентов, т.к. большая часть из них прослушали дополнительный курс «Уголовное право» в качестве повышения уровня своего образования. В работе рассматриваются виды преступлений, причины преступлений, используются различные виды лексических упражнений.
Представленные в таком варианте темы для изучения дали более высокий и качественный результат. Планируемые результаты были достигнуты студентами ввиду повышения интереса, мотивации к изучаемому материалу, на занятиях ярко проявились активность и самостоятельность студентов.
Работа №1
THE FIRST LAWS: LAWS OF BABYLON
The Birth of Law
Rules and laws — and the conventions or customs from which they are descended — have been a part of human life ever since our ancestors first began to live in large and settled groups. But our knowledge is vague of laws that were in effect before the invention of writing in about 3500 B.C. The earliest known legal text was written by Ur-Nammu, a king of the Mesopotamian city of Ur, in about 2100 B.C. It dealt largely with compensation for bodily injuries, and with the penalties for witchcraft and runaway slaves.
TASK 1 Find in the text the words that mean the following:
the use of magic power, especially with the aid of evil spirits
a punishment imposed for a violation of law or rule
an accepted social custom or practice
not clearly or explicitly stated or expressed
payment for damage or loss, restitution
one from whom a person is descended
harm or damage done or suffered
TASK 2. Answer the following questions:
Why is it difficult to judge about the earliest laws?
Where and why did the first laws appear?
What issues did the early laws emphasize? Why?
TASK 3. The word LEGAL has the following meanings in Russian:
legal person — юридическое лицо
legal text — правовой текст
legal action — судебный иск
законный, дозволенный законом legal owner — законный владелец
легальный
legal activities — правомерная, законная деятельность
Match the following English expressions with their Russian equivalents.
legal activities а) законные права
legal address b) законный владелец
legal advice с) имеющий законную силу
legal age d) использовать свое законное право
legal costs
legal decision e) история права
legal document f) консультация юриста
legal entity g) правовая защита
legal ethics h) правовой документ
legal expert i) правовой статус
legal history j) правомерная, законная деятельность
legal language
legal owner k) профессиональная этика юриста
legal procedure
legal protection 1) решение суда
legal rights m) совершеннолетие
legal status n) стать юристом
of legal force о) судебные издержки
to enjoy one's legal rights p) судопроизводство
to enter the legal profession q) юридическая терминология
r) юридический адрес
s) юридическое лицо
t) юрисконсульт; юридический советник
TASK 4. Read the text and write down Russian equivalents for the words and expressions in bold type:
Laws of Babylon
One of the most detailed ancient legal codes was drawn up in about 1758 B.C. by Hammurabi, a king of Babylonia. The entire code, consisting of 282 paragraphs, was carved into a great stone pillar, which was set up in a temple to the Babylonian god Marduk so that it could be read by every citizen.
The pillar, lost for centuries after the fall of Babylon in the 16th century B.C., was rediscovered by a French archaeologist in 1901 amid the ruins of the Persian city of Hammurabi's words were still legible. The pillar is now in the Louvre museum in
Paris.
The laws laid down by Hammurabi were more extensive than any that had gone before. They covered crime, divorce and marriage, the rights of slave owners and slaves, the settlement of debts, inheritance and property contracts; there were even regulations about taxes and the prices of goods.
Punishments under the code were often harsh. The cruel principle of revenge was observed: an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth, which meant that criminals had to receive as punishment precisely those injuries and damages they had inflicted upon their victims. Not only murderers but also thieves and false accusers faced the death penalty. And a child who hit his father could expect to lose the hand that struck the blow. The code outlawed private blood feuds and banned the tradition by which a man could kidnap and keep the woman he wanted for his bride. In addition, the new laws took account of the circumstances of the offender as well as of the offence. So a lower-ranking citizen who lost a civil case would be fined less than an aristocrat in the same position — though he would also be awarded less if he won.
Nevertheless, Hammurabi's laws represented an advance on earlier tribal customs, because the penalty could not be harder than the crime.
TASK 5. Find in the text the English equivalents for the following law-related ivords and expressions. What concepts bring these groups of words together?
вор
клеветник
правонарушитель
правонарушение
преступление
кровная месть
наносить ущерб
наносить увечья
похищать
|
смертная казнь
наказание
штрафовать
получать компенсацию
|
брак
развод
налоги
наследство
долги
цены на товары
гражданское дело
права рабов
имущественные контракты
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TASK 6. Answer the following questions:
Why do you think Hammurabi decided to have his laws carved into a pillar?
Why was the pillar set up in a temple?
What spheres of human life were covered by Hammurabi's code? Explain the choice.
How do you understand the principle "an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth"?
In your opinion, were punishments always fair?
Why do you think people of different ranks were treated differently by Hammurabi's code?
TASK 7. Translate the following passage into English paying special attention to the words and expressions in bold type:
Кодекс Хаммурапи
В 1901 году французские археологи обнаружили каменный столб среди руин персидского города Сузы. Текст, высеченный на столбе, был древнейшим сводом законов. Он был составлен Хаммурапи, царем Вавилона, в XVIII столетии до н. э.
Кодекс Хаммурапи состоит из 282 статей. Выставленный в храме вавилонского бога Мардука, 'столб законов' должен был служить правосудию и одновременно напоминать: законы должны знать все.
Кодекс охватывал все сферы жизни. Он ставил вне закона кровную месть, убийство, похищение невесты. Наказания за них были суровы.
В основе Кодекса лежит идея талиона: наказание должно быть "равным" преступлению — 'око за око, зуб за зуб'. В соответствии с кодексом, если человек, обвинивший другого в краже, не мог привести свидетелей, подтверждающих его слова, ему грозила смерть как клеветнику.
Кодекс также рассматривал вопросы имущества и наследства. Хаммурапи устанавливал денежный штраф, при назначении которого учитывалось как само правонарушение, так социальное положение граждан.
Работа №2
THE FIRST LAWS: ANCIENT GREECE AND ROME
TASK 1. Read the text and write down Russian equivalents for the words and expressions m bold type:
The Legal Heritage of Greece and Rome
The ancient Greeks were among the first to develop a concept of law that separated everyday law from religious beliefs. Before the Greeks most civilizations attributed their laws to their gods or goddesses. Instead, the Greeks believed that laws were made by the people for the people.
In the seventh century B.C., Draco* drew up Greece's first written code of laws. Under Draco's code death was the
punishment for most offenses. Thus, the term dracoman usually applies to extremely harsh measures.
Several decades passed before Solon — poet, military hero, and ultimately Athens' lawgiver — devised a new code of laws. Trial by jury, an ancient Greek tradition was retained, but enslaving debtors was prohibited as were most of the harsh punishments of Draco's code. Under Solon's law citizens of Athens were eligible to serve in the assembly and courts were established in which they could appeal government decisions.
What the Greeks may have contributed to the Romans was the concept of 'natural law'. In essence, natural law was based on the belief that certain basic principles are above the laws of a nation. These principles arise from the nature of people. The concept of natural law and the development of the first true legal system had a profound effect on the modern world.
*Draco — ['dreikou] — Драконт, афинский законодатель
TASK 2. Complete the following table with the appropriate verb or noun form.
Verb
|
Noun
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to attribute
|
|
|
belief
|
|
punishment
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to develop
|
|
|
offence
|
to separate
|
|
|
decision
|
to apply
|
|
|
government
|
to prohibit
|
|
to serve
|
|
to establish
|
|
to appeal
|
|
to refer to
|
|
TASK 3. Work in teams. Make up a logical law-related story containing both verbs and nouns from Task 2. Use no fewer than 7 words.
TASK 4. Answer the following questions:
What does the ancient Greek concept of law comprise?
Why were the first laws mainly attributed to divine powers?
What is the origin and the meaning of .the word 'dracoman'?
How do you understand the concept of 'natural law5?
What was Solon's contribution to ancient law?
Работа №3
THE FOUNDATION OF BRITISH LAW: THE MAGNA CARTA
TASK 1. Read the text and write down Russian equivalents for the words and expressions in bold type:
The Magna Carta
At the heart of the English system are two principles of government — limited government and representative government. The idea that government was not all-powerful first appeared in the Magna Carta*, or Great Charter, that King John** signed in 1215 under the threat of civil war.
Earlier kings of England had issued charters, making promises to their barons. But these were granted by, not exacted from the king and were very generally phrased. Later the tension between the Kings and the nobility increased. Since 1199 John's barons had to be promised their rights. It is, therefore, not surprising that Stephen Langton, archbishop of Canterbury, directed baronial unrest into a demand for a solemn grant of liberties by the king. The document known as the Articles of the Barons was at last agreed upon and became the text from which the final version of the charter was drafted and sealed by John on June 15, 1215.
The Magna Carta established the principle of limited government, in which the power of the monarch, or government, was limited, not absolute. This document provided for protection against unjust punishment and the loss of life, liberty, and property except according to law. It stipulated that no citizen could be punished or kept in prison without a fair trial. Under the Magna Carta, the king agreed that certain taxes could not be levied without popular consent.
Although the Magna Carta was originally intended to protect aristocracy and not the ordinary citizens, it came in time to be regarded as a cornerstone of British liberties. It is one of the oldest written constitutional papers.
* Magna Carta — Великая Хартия Вольностей
**King John — Иоанн Безземельный, английский король (1199—1216)
TASK 2 The word GOVERNMENT has the following meanings in Russian:
государственная власть
executive government — исполнительная власть judicial government — судебная власть legislative government — законодательная власть
управление, руководство
to carry out the government of a state — осуществлять управление государством
-
форма правления, государственное устройство, политический строй
democratic /republican / federal / parliamentary government — демократическая /республиканская / федеральная / парламентская форма правления
constitutional government — конституционная форма правления
a system of government — система правления
-
правительство, правительственный аппарат
Liberal /Labour/ Conservative Government — либеральное /лейбористское/ консервативное правительство
to form the government — сформировать правительство
Match the following English expressions with their Russian equivalents:
1) arbitrary government
2) authoritarian government
3) colonial form of government
4) government investigation
5) government of the day
6) government offices
7) government official
8) government party
9) government(al) department
10) government(al) regulation
11) government's term of office
12) Her Majesty's Government
13) local government
14) military government
15) mixed government
16) organs of government
17) parliamentary government
18) presidential government
19) provisional government
20) representative government
21) to dissolve the government
|
а) действующее правительство
b) местное самоуправление
с) военная администрация
d) смешанная форма правления
е) парламентское правление
f) правительство Ее Величества
g) правящая партия
h) правительственные учреждения
i) представительная форма правления
j) временное правительство
k) распустить / расформировать
правительство
1) органы государственного управления
m) автократия
n) президентская власть
о) авторитарная форма правления
р) правительственное ведомство
q) правительственное расследование
r) колониальная форма
государственного устройства
s) постановление правительства
t) правительственный чиновник
u) срок полномочий правительства
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TASK 3. Answer the following questions:
What were the two basic principles of the English system of government at the beginning of the 13th century? How do you understand these principles?
What political situation necessitated the granting of the Magna Carta?
What provisions did the Magna Carta contain?
Who enjoyed the rights granted by the Magna Carta?
TASK 4. Render the following passage into English paying special attention to the words and expressions in bold type:
Великая Хартия Вольностей
Великая Хартия Вольностей — это грамота, подписанная в 1215 английским королем Иоанном I. Она составлена на латинском языке и содержит 63 статьи. Этот документ был подписан в результате недовольства баронов усилением королевской власти, налоговым гнетом и неудачной внешней политикой короля. Большинство статей отражало и защищало интересы аристократии. Однако другие сословия также получили значительные права.
Великая Хартия Вольностей гарантировала соблюдение королем определенных обязательств по отношению к баронам, запрещала королю взимать налоги без согласия подданных. Хартия положила начало свободе личности. Ни один человек не мог быть арестован, заключен в тюрьму, лишен собственности или покровительства законов, изгнан или подвергнут иной каре иначе, как по суду равных ему и согласно законам страны.
Это был первый в истории Англии документ, ограничивающий власть короны и провозглашающий права и свободы подданных. Великая Хартия Вольностей стала краеугольным камнем английских свобод. Многие ее статьи получили развитие в Акте Хабеас Корпус и Билле о правах.
Великая Хартия Вольностей сыграла важнейшую роль в английской истории. Она и сейчас входит в число действующих актов конституции Великобритании.
Работа №4
CRIMES AND CRIMINALS
Law Breakers
TASK 1. Match each word on the left with the appropriate definition on the right:
an arsonist a) attacks and robs people, often in the street
a shop-lifter b) sets fire to property illegally
a mugger c) is anyone who breaks the law
an offender d) breaks into houses or other buildings to steal
a vandal e) steals from shops while acting as an ordinary customer
a burglar f) kills someone
a murderer g) deliberately causes damage to property
a kidnapper h) steals things from people's pockets in crowded places
a pickpocket i) gets secret information from another country
an accomplice j) buys and sells drugs illegally
a drug dealer k) takes away people by force and demands money for their return
a spy 1) helps a criminal in a criminal act
a terrorist m) uses violence for political reasons
an assassin n) causes damage or disturbance in public places
a hooligan o) hides on a ship or plane to get a free journey
a stowaway p) takes control of a plane by force and makes the pilot change course
a thief q) murders for political reasons or a reward
a hijacker r) is someone who steals
a forger s) makes counterfeit (false) money or signatures
a robber t) is a member of a criminal group
a smuggler u) steals money, etc. by force from people or places
a traitor v) marries illegally, being married already
a gangster w) is a soldier who runs away from the army
a deserter x) brings goods into a country illegally without paying tax
a bigamist y) illegally carries drugs into another country
a drug smuggler z) betrays his or her country to another state
TASK 2. Continue the following table with the words from Task 1 where -possible. The first few are done for you. Consult the dictionary when necessary:
Crime
|
Criminal
|
Criminal Act
|
treason
|
traitor
|
to betray
|
theft
|
thief
|
to steal
|
murder
|
murderer
|
to murder
|
THE CAUSES OF CRIME
TASK 3. Match the following headings with the sections of the text below;
Psychological and psychiatric theories
Biological theories
Multiple causation theory
Social environment theories
Theological and ethical theories
Climatic theory
No one knows why crime occurs. The oldest theory, based on theology and ethics, is that criminals are perverse persons who deliberately commit crimes or, who do so at the instigation «I the devil or other evil spirits. Although this idea has been discarded by modern criminologists, it persists among uninformed people and provides tho rationale for thy" harsh punishments still meted out to criminals in many parts of the world.
Since the 18th century, various scientific theories have been advanced to explain crime. One of the first efforts to explain crime on scientific, rather than theological, grounds was made at the end of the 1811' century by the German physician and anatomist Franz Joseph Gall, who tried to establish relationships between skull structure and criminal proclivities. This theory, popular during the 19th century, is now discredited and has been abandoned. A more sophisticated theory — a biological one — was developed late in the 19th century by the Italian criminologist Cesare Lombroso, who asserted that, crimes were committed by persons who are born with certain recognizable hereditary physical traits. Lombroso's theory was disproved early in the-20th century by the British criminologist t Charles Goring. Goring's comparative study of jailed criminals and law-abiding persons established that so-called criminal types, with innate dispositions to crime, do not exist. Recent scientific studies have tended to confirm Goring's findings. Some investigators still hold, however, that specific abnormalities-of the brain and of the endocrine system contribute to a person's inclination toward criminal activity.
Another approach to an explanation of crime was initiated by the French political philosopher Montesquieu, who attempted to relate criminal behavior to natural, or physical environment
His successors have gathered evidence tending to show that crimes against person, such as homicide, are relatively more numerous in warm climates, whereas crimes against properly, such л;; theft, are more frequent in crimes regions. Other studies seem to indicate that the incidence of crime declines in direct ratio to drops in barometric pressure, to increased humidity, and to higher temperature.
Many prominent criminologists of the 19lb century, particularly those associated with the Socialist movement, attributed crime mainly to the influence of poverty. They pointed out that persons who are unable to provide adequately for themselves and their families through normal legal channels are frequently driven to theft, burglary, prostitution, and other offences. The incidence of crime especially tends to' rise in times of widespread unemployment. Present-day criminologists take a broader and deeper view; they place the blame for must crimes on the whole range of environmental conditions associated with poverty. The living conditions of the poor, particularly of those in slums, are characterized by overcrowding, hick of privacy, inadequate play space and recreational facilities, and poor sanitation. Such conditions engender feelings of deprivation and hopelessness and are conducive to crime as a means of escape. The feeling is encouraged by the example set by those who have escaped to what appears to be the better way of life made possible by crime.
Some theorists relate the incidence of crime to the general state of a culture, especially the impact of economic crises, wars, and revolutions and the general sense of insecurity and uprootedness to which these forces give rise. As a society becomes more unsettled and its people more restless and fearful of the future, the crime rate tends to rise. This is particularly true of juvenile crime, as the experience of the United States since World War П has made evident.
The final major group of theories are psychological and psychiatric. Studies by such 20lh century investigators as the American criminologist Bernard Glueck and the British psychiatrist William Healy have indicated that about one-fourth of a typical convict population is psychotic, neurotic, or emotionally unstable and another one-fourth is mentally deficient. These emotional and mental conditions do not automatically make people criminals, but do, it is believed, make them more prone to criminality. Recent studies of criminals have thrown further Sight on the kinds of emotional disturbances that may lead to criminal behavior.
6 Since the mid-20th century, the notion that crime can be explained by any single theory has fallen into disfavor among investigators. Instead, experts incline to so-called multiple factor, or multiple causation theories. They reason that crime springs from a multiplicity of conflicting and converging influences — biological, psychological, cultural, economic and political. The multiple causation explanations seem more credible than the earlier, simpler theories. An understanding of the causes of crime is still elusive, however, because the interrelationship of causes is difficult to determine.
TASK 4. Find in the texts above the English equivalents for the following words and expressions and reproduce the context in which they were used:
мошенничество
кража
убийство
кража со взломом
сравнительный анализ преступников и законопослушных граждан
соотнести преступное поведение с факторами окружаю щей среды
преступления против человека
преступления против собственности
совершать преступления умышленно
некоторые узнаваемые наследуемые черты
выдающиеся ученые-криминологи
ряд условий
уровень преступности
быть склонным к преступной деятельности
пролить свет на проблему
теория многообразия факторов
достоверная теория
TASK 5. Answer the following questions:
What concepts formed the basis of the earliest criminological theories?
How did the biological theories develop?
What was Montesquieu's approach to causes of crime?
What views on crime predominated in the 19th century?
How did criminological theories develop in the 20th century?
What is the relationship between the mental and emotional state of a person and his or her inclinations to crime?
What are the latest views on the causes of crime?
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