Theory of translation

ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ 7

PART I. GENERAL ISSUES OF TRANSLATION 8

CHAPTER 1. What Is Translation? 8

§ 1. TRANSLATION STUDIES 8

§ 2. SEMIOTIC APPROACH 9

§ 3. COMMUNICATIVE APPROACH 10

§ 4. DIALECTICS OF TRANSLATION 12

§ 5. TRANSLATION INVARIANT 13

§ 6. UNIT OF TRANSLATION 14

Chapter 2. TYPES OF TRANSLATION 15

§ 1. CLASSIFICATION CRITERIA 15

§ 2. MACHINE TRANSLATION 16

§ 3. TRANSLATION AND INTERPRETING 18

§ 4. FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION 22

Chapter 3. EVALUATIVE CLASSIFICATION OF TRANSLATION 22

§ 1. ADEQUATE AND EQUIVALENT TRANSLATION 22

§ 2. LITERAL TRANSLATION 24

§ 3. FREE TRANSLATION 26

§ 4. THE CONCEPT OF ‘UNTRANSLATABILITY’ 27

CHAPTER 4. Translation Equivalence 29

§ 1. TYPES OF EQUIVALENCE 29

§ 2. PRAGMATIC LEVEL 30

§ 3. SITUATIONAL LEVEL 31

§ 4. SEMANTIC PARAPHRASE 31

§ 5. TRANSFORMATIONAL EQUIVALENCE 32

§ 6. LEXICAL AND GRAMMATICAL EQUIVALENCE 33

§ 7. THE LEVELS OF EQUIVALENCE HIERARCHY 33

CHAPTER 5. Ways of Achieving Equivalence 34

§ 1. TYPES OF TRANSLATION TECHNIQUES 34

§ 2. TRANSLATION TRANSCRIPTION 35

§ 3. TRANSLITERATION 37

§ 4. CАLQUE TRANSLATION 40

§ 5. GRAMMAR TRANSFORMATIONS 41

§ 6. LEXICAL TRANSFORMATIONS 43

§ 7. COMPLEX TRANSFORMATIONS 45

CHAPTER 6. Translation Models 47

§ 1. TRANSLATION PROCESS 47

§ 2. SITUATIONAL MODEL OF TRANSLATION 48

§ 3. TRANSFORMATIONAL MODEL OF TRANSLATION 50

§ 4. SEMANTIC MODEL OF TRANSLATION 51

§ 5. PSYCHOLINGUISTIC MODEL OF TRANSLATION 52

PART II. HISTORY OF TRANSLATION 246

Chapter 1. WESTERN TRADITIONS OF TRANSLATION 247

§ 1. TRANSLATION DURING ANTIQUITY 247

§ 2. TRANSLATION IN THE MIDDLE AGES 248

§ 3. RENAISSANCE TRANSLATION 249

§ 4. ENLIGHTENMENT TRANSLATION (17-18th c.) 252

§ 5. TRANSLATION IN THE 19TH CENTURY 254

§ 6. TRANSLATION IN THE 20TH CENTURY 257

Chapter 2. HISTORY OF RUSSIAN TRANSLATION 258

§ 1. OLD RUSSIAN CULTURE AND TRANSLATION 258

§2. TRANSLATION IN THE 18TH CENTURY 260

§ 3. RUSSIAN TRANSLATION IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE 19TH CENTURY 264

§4. TRANSLATION IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 19TH CENTURY 268

§5. TRANSLATION AT THE TURN OF THE CENTURY 270

§6. TRANSLATION IN THE 20TH CENTURY 271

PART III. GRAMMAR PROBLEMS OF TRANSLATION 54

Chapter 1. FORMAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SOURCE TEXT AND TARGET TEXT 54

Source language and target language texts differ formally due to a number of reasons of both objective and subjective character. Objective reasons are caused by the divergence in the language systems and speech models. Subjective reasons can be attributed to the speaker’s choice of a language form. 54

Chapter 2. TRANSLATING FINITE VERB FORMS 56

§1. TRANSLATING TENSE AND ASPECT FORMS 56

§2. TRANSLATING PASSIVE VOICE FORMS 59

§3. TRANSLATING THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD FORMS 61

Chapter 3. TRANSLATING NON-FINITE VERB FORMS 63

§1. TRANSLATING THE INFINITIVE 63

§2. TRANSLATING THE GERUND 66

§3. TRANSLATING THE PARTICIPLE 68

§4. TRANSLATING ABSOLUTE CONSTRUCTIONS 70

Chapter 4. TRANSLATING CAUSATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS 74

§1. TYPES OF CAUSATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS 74

§2. CONSTRUCTIONS WITH CAUSAL VERBS 75

§3. CONSTRUCTIONS WITH THE VERBS TO HAVE, TO GET 76

§4. CAUSATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS WITH NON-CAUSAL VERBS 78

Chapter 5. TRANSLATING PRONOUNS 78

§1. TRANSLATING PERSONAL PRONOUNS 78

§2. TRANSLATING POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS 81

§3. TRANSLATING RELATIVE PRONOUNS 83

§4. TRANSLATING THE PRONOUN ONE 83

§5. TRANSLATING THE PRONOUNS КАЖДЫЙ / ВСЕ 85

§6. TRANSLATING PARTITIVE PRONOUNS SOME / ANY 85

§7. TRANSLATING DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS 86

Chapter 6. TRANSLATING THE ARTICLE 88

§1. TRANSLATING THE INDEFINITE ARTICLE 88

§2. TRANSLATING THE DEFINITE ARTICLE 91

§3. TRANSLATING THE ZERO ARTICLE 92

Chapter 7. TRANSLATING ATTRIBUTIVE CLUSTERS 94

§1. FEATURES OF THE ATTRIBUTIVE PHRASE 94

§2. TRANSLATING THE ATTRIBUTIVE CLUSTER. 95

Chapter 8. SYNTACTIC CHANGES IN TRANSLATION 98

§1. COMMUNICATIVE STRUCTURE OF THE ENGLISH AND RUSSIAN SENTENCE 98

§2. WORD ORDER CHANGE DUE TO THE FUNCTIONAL SENTENCE PERSPECTIVE 99

§3. SENTENCE PARTITIONING AND INTEGRATION 101

Chapter 9. DIFFERENCE IN ENGLISH AND RUSSIAN PUNCTUATION 103

§1. PRINCIPLES OF PUNCTUATION IN ENGLISH AND RUSSIAN 103

§2. DIFFERENCES IN COMMA USAGE 104

§3. USING THE DASH 106

§4. USING QUOTATION MARKS 107

§5. USING THE COLON AND SEMICOLON 108

§6. USING THE ELLIPSES 108

PART IV. SEMANTIC PROBLEMS OF TRANSLATION 110

Chapter 1. WORD CHOICE IN TRANSLATION 110

§1. TYPES OF TRANSLATION EQUIVALENTS 110

§2. INTERACTION OF WORD SEMANTIC STRUCTURES 111

§3. WORD CONNOTATION IN TRANSLATION 112

§4. INTRALINGUISTIC MEANING 114

§5. CONTEXUALLY-BOUND WORDS 115

Chapter 2. TRANSLATING REALIA 117

§1. CULTURE-BOUND AND EQUIVALENT-LACKING WORDS 117

§2. TYPES OF CULTURE-BOUND WORDS 118

§3. WAYS OF TRANSLATING CULTURE-BOUND WORDS 120

§4. TRANSLATING PEOPLE’S NAMES 121

§5. TRANSLATING GEOGRAPHICAL TERMS 124

§6. TRANSLATING PUBLISHED EDITIONS 126

§7. TRANSLATING ERGONYMS 127

Chapter 3. TRANSLATING TERMS 127

§1. TRANSLATION FACTORS 127

§2. TRANSLATION TECHNIQUE 130

§3. TERMS IN FICTION AND MAGAZINES 132

Chapter 4. TRANSLATOR’S FALSE FRIENDS 133

Chapter 5. PHRASEOLOGICAL AND METAPHORICAL TRANSLATION 137

§1. METAPHOR AND THE PHRASEOLOGICAL UNIT 137

§2. INTERLINGUAL METAPHORIC TRANSFORMATIONS 138

§3. WAYS OF TRANSLATING IDIOMS 139

§4. CHALLENGES IN TRANSLATING IDIOMS 142

Chapter 6. METONYMICAL TRANSLATION 143

§1. DEFINITIONS 143

§2. LEXICAL METONYMIC TRANSFORMATION 145

§3. PREDICATE TRANSLATION 145

§4. SYNTACTIC METONYMIC TRANSFORMATIONS 147

Chapter 7. ANTONYMIC TRANSLATION 149

§1. DEFINITION 149

§2. CONVERSIVE TRANSFORMATION 149

§3. SHIFTING NEGATIVE MODALITY 150

§4. REASONS FOR ANTONYMIC TRANSLATION 151

Chapter 8. DIFFERENCES IN RUSSIAN AND ENGLISH WORD COMBINABILITY 152

§1. REASONS FOR DIFFERENCES IN WORD COMBINABILITY 152

§2. TRANSLATION OF ADVERBIAL VERBS 154

§3. TRANSLATING CONDENSED SYNONYMS 156

Chapter 9. TRANSLATING NEW COINAGES: DIFFERENCES IN RUSSIAN AND ENGLISH WORD BUILDING 157

§1. COMPOUNDS 157

§2. CONVERSION 159

§3. AFFIXATION 162

§4. ABBREVIATION 164

PART V. PRAGMATIC PROBLEMS OF TRANSLATION 168

Chapter 1. TRANSLATION PRAGMATICS 168

§1. CONCEPT OF PRAGMATICS 168

§2. TEXT PRAGMATICS 169

§3. AUTHOR’S COMMUNICATIVE INTENTION 171

§4. COMMUNICATIVE EFFECT UPON THE RECEPTOR 175

§5. TRANSLATOR’S IMPACT 178

Chapter 2. SPEECH FUNCTIONS AND TRANSLATION 179

§1. LANGUAGE AND SPEECH FUNCTIONS 179

§2. INTERPERSONAL FUNCTION AND MODALITY IN TRANSLATION. 180

§3. EXPRESSIVE FUNCTION IN TRANSLATION 186

§4. PHATIC FUNCTION IN TRANSLATION 190

§5. CONATIVE FUNCTION IN TRANSLATION 194

Chapter 3. FUNCTIONAL STYLES AND TRANSLATION 197

§1. FUNCTIONAL STYLE, REGISTER: DEFINITION 197

§2. TRANSLATING SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL STYLE 198

§3. TRANSLATING BUREAUCRATIC STYLE 202

§4. TRANSLATING JOURNALISTIC (PUBLICISTIC) STYLE 206

Chapter 4. RENDERING STYLISTIC DEVICES IN TRANSLATION 211

§1. TRANSLATION OF METAPHORS AND SIMILES 211

§2. TRANSLATION OF EPITHETS 214

§3. TRANSLATION OF PERIPHRASE 215

§4. TRANSLATION OF PUNS 217

§5. TRANSLATION OF ALLUSIONS AND QUOTATIONS 220

Chapter 5. TRANSLATION NORMS AND QUALITY CONTROL OF A TRANSLATION 220

§1. NORMS OF TRANSLATION 221

§2. QUALITY CONTROL OF THE TRANSLATION. 225

Chapter 6. TRANSLATION ETIQUETTE 228

§1. PROFESSIONAL ETHICS, ETIQUETTE, AND PROTOCOL 229

§2. CODE OF PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT 229

§3. PROTOCOL CEREMONIES 232

APPENDIX 1. 235

Russian-English Transliteration Chart 235

APPENDIX 2. 236

Russian-English-Chinese Transliteration Chart 236

Учебное издание 244

Зоя Григорьевна Прошина 244