МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ И НАУКИ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ
ГОУ ВПО «КАЗАНСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ МЕДИЦИНСКИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ»
ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНАЯ КОММУНИКАЦИЯ:
ТЕОРИЯ И ПРАКТИКА ПЕРЕВОДА В МЕДИЦИНЕ
КАЗАНЬ 2011
УДК
ББК
Печатается по решению учебно-методического совета кафедры иностранных языков ГОУ ВПО «Казанский государственный медицинский университет»
Пособие по курсу «Теория и практика перевода» (теоретические и практические аспекты) для студентов специальности «Переводчик в сфере профессиональной коммуникации». – Казань: КГМУ, 2011. – 110 с.
Составители:
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М.И. Солнышкина, доктор филол. наук, профессор,
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О.В. Акимова, канд. филол. наук, доцент,
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О.Г. Палутина, канд. филол. наук, доцент,
Ф.Х. Исмаева, канд. филол. наук.
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Рецензенты:
Прохорова О.Н. профессор, д.ф.н., Белгородский государственный университет,
Гизатова Г.К. профессор, д.ф.н., Казанский аграрный государственный университет по правилам.
Учебно-методическое пособие предназначено для студентов специальности «Переводчик в сфере профессиональной коммуникации». Материал пособия, представленный в виде текста теоретического материала и комплекса упражнений, направлен на передачу знаний, систематическое формирование и развитие практических навыков преобразования языковых единиц в процессе перевода с английского языка на русский и наоборот. В задачи пособия также входит стимулирование самостоятельного, активного подхода студентов к осмыслению сложных языковых явлений и их анализу в условиях перевода. Этому способствуют вопросы и задания, следующие за изучаемым материалом.
ISBN
CONTENTS
Unit One 4
Unit Two 11
Unit Three 21
Unit Four 32
Unit Five 45
Unit Six 52
Miscellaneous Tasks 60
I. MEDICAL TRANSLATION 60
II. GENERAL TRANSLATION 94
APPENDIX 1 96
APPENDIX 2 106
RECOMMENDED LITERATURE 109
Unit One
INTERPRETING VS. TRANSLATION
Part 1
Study the following:
Interpreting vs. Translation
On the surface, the difference between interpreting and translation is only the difference in the medium: the interpreter translates orally, while a translator interprets written text. Both interpreting and translation presuppose a certain love of language and deep knowledge of more than one tongue. However, the differences in the training, skills, and talents needed for each job are vast. The key skill of a very good translator is the ability to write well, to express him/herself clearly in the target language. That is why professional translators almost always work in only one direction, translating only into their native language. Even bilingual individuals rarely can express themselves in a given subject equally well in two languages. And many excellent translators are far from being bilingual – they may not be, and need not be, fluent speakers of the source language (the language of the original text being translated). The key skills of the translator are the ability to understand the source language and the culture of the country where the text originated, and, using a good library of dictionaries and reference materials, render that material into the target language.
Forms of interpreting
An interpreter, on the other hand, has to be able to translate in both directions, without the use of any dictionaries, on the spot. There are two types of interpreting: consecutive and simultaneous.
In the most popular form of simultaneous interpreting the interpreter sits in a booth wearing a pair of headphones and speaking into a microphone. Strictly speaking, "simultaneous" is a misnomer: the interpreter can't start interpreting until s/he understands the general meaning of the sentence. Depending on how far in the sentence the subject and the verb are located, the interpreter into English may not be able to utter a single word until she heard the very end of the sentence in the source language! This should make it evident how hard the task of the interpreter really is: s/he needs to be translating the sentence into the target language while simultaneously listening to and comprehending the next sentence. You can experience the difficulty of the task even if you are monolingual: just try paraphrasing someone's speech with a half-sentence delay, making sure you understand the next sentence while paraphrasing the previous one.
One of the key skills of the simultaneous interpreter is decisiveness: there is simply no time to weigh the merits of variant translations or to recall just the right idiom in the target language. Any delay and you may lose a few words (and possibly a thought) that the speaker uttered. And since the speaker may be far away, or even in a different room than the interpreter, the loss may be permanent.
During consecutive interpreting the speaker stops every 1-5 minutes (usually at the end of every "paragraph" or a complete thought) and the interpreter then steps in to render what was said into the target language. A key skill involved in consecutive interpreting is note-taking, since few interpreters can memorize a full paragraph at a time without loss of detail. But interpreter's notes are very different from those of a stenographer, because writing down words in the source language makes interpreter's job harder when he or she has to translate the speech into the target language. Many professional interpreters develop their own "ideogramic" symbology, which allows them to take down not the words, but the thoughts of the speaker in language-independent form. Then the interpreter's output is more idiomatic and less source-language bound.
In spite of the vast differences in the skills of translators and interpreters, there is one thing that they must share, besides deep knowledge of both languages: they must understand the subject matter of the text or speech they are translating. One of the main reasons why the Automatic Translation projects that were popular since 1950's failed is precisely that reason. Translation is not a matter of substituting words in one language for words in another. It is a matter of understanding the thought expressed in one language and then explaining it using the resources of another language. In other words, what an interpreter does is change words into meaning, and then change meaning back into words of a different language. So interpreting is basically paraphrasing. And just like you can't explain to someone a thought if you didn't fully understand that thought, nor can you translate or interpret something without mastery of the subject matter being relayed. This is why making sure that the interpreter is knowledgeable in the subject matter of the conference or the workshop they are interpreting at is just as important as making sure that s/he is an experienced interpreter.
Qualifications of a good interpreter:
Knowledge of the general subject of the speeches that are to be interpreted.
General erudition and intimate familiarity with both cultures.
Extensive vocabulary in both languages.
Ability to express thoughts clearly and concisely in both languages.
Excellent note-taking technique for consecutive interpreting.
At least 2-3 years of booth experience for simultaneous interpreting.
Translation Humor
"The spirit is willing but the flesh is weak", translated into Russian and back gives you: "The liquor is favorable but the meat is poor."
The businessman spent three days negotiating a tough deal with a Japanese businessman. The third day, things were going well, and he said, "Well, I think that at last we're thinking along parallel lines."The next day the Japanese businessman didn't show up. He checked the hotel and discovered that the businessman had checked out! So he rushed to the airport and found the Japanese businessman in the departure waiting room. He said, "Why are you leaving? It took three days, but we're finally thinking along parallel lines!" And the Japanese businessman nodded, and said, "Yes, yes. I scrutinize my dictionary. Parallel lines will never meet. So I go home."
Part 2
Answer the questions and comment on the following:
What is interpreting?
What is translation?
What is the key skill for interpreting?
What is the key skill for translation?
What forms of interpreting do you know?
Is the term “simultaneous” accurate for one of the forms of oral translation?
Is decisiveness necessary for good translation?
Characterise note-taking technique as one of the main skills for effective interpreting.
Can translation be explained as a matter of substituting words in one language for words in another?
Do the given tasks:
Ex. 1.1 Translate the following medical terms of body areas from English into Russian:
a) Head: superior sagital sinus, white matter, galea aponeurotica, right / left cerebral, hemisphere, lateral ventricles, basal nuclei, amygdaloid body, fourth, ventricle, thalamus, hypothalamus, infundibulum, fornix,, hippocampus, frontal lobe, longitudinal fissure, pituitary gland, olfactory, tract, optic nerve, temporal lobe, cavernous sinus, inferior petrosal sinus, pons, cerebellum, sigmoid sinus, spinal cord, vagus nerve, medulla oblongata.
b) Chest: rhomboideus minor / major m., serratus anterior m., iliocostalis, thoracis m., scapula, clavicle, erector spinae m., spinalis thoracis m., longissimus thoracis m., serratus posterior inferior m., serratus anterior m., trapezius m., latissimus dorsi m., infraspinatus m., teres minor / major m.,, lumbordorsal fascia, pectoralis minor / major m.
c) Shoulder: humerus, scapula, subscapularis m., levator scapulae m., supraspinatus m., infraspinatus m., teres minor / major m., clavicle, cervical, vertebrae, supraclavicular nerve, subclavian artery and vein, brachialis m., brachial plexus, brachiocephalic vein, coracobrachialis m., posterior circumflex humeral artery and vein, deep brachial artery, superior, vena cava, inferior vena cava, vagus nerve, axillary nerve, axillary artery and vein, musculocutaneous nerve, ulnar nerve, median nerve, long thoracic nerve, thoracodorsal nerve, radial nerve, basic vein, cephalic vein, external, jugular vein, areola.
Ex. 1.2 Analyse the given translation of the magazine article from the point of view of lexical and grammatical/syntactical counterparts in the source and target languages:
The source text
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The target text
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The Pandemic That Wasn’t
Henry I. Miller
Last June, the United Nations’ World Health Organization, responding to an outbreak of the H1N1 virus, or swine flu, boosted the pandemic alert to the highest level, Phase 6, meaning that a pandemic was under way – the first time in 41 years that the organization had taken that declared step. But the outbreak appears to have ended less like the rogue wild boar that WHO bureaucrats predicted and more like a roasted pork tenderloin with apples and sage.
In fact, the WHO repeatedly violated Sherlock Holmes’ warning, “It is a capital mistake to theorize before you have all the evidence.” And the pandemic alert was doubly strange, given that ordinary seasonal flu sweeps the world annually, is invariably far more lethal than the currently circulating low-virulence H1N1, and certainly meets the WHO’s definition of a pandemic: infections over a wide geographic area and affecting a large proportion of the population.
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Пандемия, которой не было
Генри Миллер
В июне прошлого года Всемирная организация здравоохранения ООН в ответ на вспышку вируса H1N1, или свиного гриппа, объявила пандемическую тревогу высшего уровня, стадия 6, имея в виду, что началась пандемия – подобный шаг был предпринят данной организацией впервые за 41 год. Но, похоже, что вспышка исчезла, – причём, не как злой дикий кабан, появление которого предсказывали бюрократы ВОЗ, а, скорее, как жареная свинина с яблоками и шалфеем.
Вообще, ВОЗ постоянно игнорирует предостережение Шерлока Холмса: «Строить теории в отсутствие полноценных доказательств – грубая ошибка». А пандемическая тревога была вдвойне странной, учитывая, что обычный сезонный грипп, ежегодно захлёстывающий мир, неизменно является более смертоносным, чем циркулирующий в настоящее время низко-вирулентный H1N1, и, конечно, соответствует определению термина ВОЗ «пандемия» – инфекционные заболевания в крупных географических масштабах и поражение значительного процента населения.
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Ex. 1.3 Translate the further part of the article given in ex.1.2 from English into Russian:
Ironically, the appearance of the H1N1 flu during the past nine months might be thought of as a net public-health benefit, because it appears to have suppressed, or at least supplanted, the far more virulent and lethal seasonal flu strains. During the second week of January, 3.7% of Americans tested positive for the seasonal flu, compared to 11.5% during the same week in 2009. The official death toll worldwide from H1N1 is under 14,000, while seasonal flu kills about 36,000 on average in the United States and hundreds of thousands elsewhere.
Most flu and public-health experts consider the WHO to have been overly alarmist. The decision in April 2009 to raise the pandemic flu threat to the penultimate level, Phase 5 (“Pandemic Imminent”), already raced far ahead of the accumulated data, so the Phase 6 declaration in June revealed the organization’s paradigm to be fundamentally flawed. A warning system based solely on how widely a virus has spread, but that does not consider the nature and severity of the illness it causes, would classify as “pandemics” not only seasonal flu, but also the frequent but largely inconsequential outbreaks of virus-caused colds and gastroenteritis, for example. (The WHO has never explained why these obvious examples do not meet their criteria.)
False alarms make the “pandemic under way” designation almost meaningless and diminish its usefulness. And that, in turn, has important consequences: as Jack Fisher, a professor of surgery at the University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, observed, “Keep crying ‘wolf,’ and WHO can expect lower than customary compliance with flu vaccine advisories next fall.” Worse, imagine what would happen when we encounter a genuinely dangerous new pathogen, such as a strain of H5N1 avian flu (which in its current form has a mortality rate more than 100 times higher than H1N1) that is easily transmissible between humans.
The UN’s false alarms also have had more immediate negative effects. According to Matthew Hingerty, the managing director of Australia’s Tourism Export Council, the country lost thousands of tourists because of the WHO’s pandemic declaration. Egyptian public-health authorities overreacted and ordered the slaughter of all pigs in the country. In addition to the direct economic losses, because the pigs were no longer available to consume much of the garbage produced in Cairo, the numbers of rodents rose to fearsome levels.
Ex. 1.4 Provide the back translation of the further part of the article given in ex.1.2 and 1.3:
Публичность и возникшая в результате неё паника вокруг объявления ВОЗ стадий 5 и 6, в особенности в отсутствие (до декабря) широкодоступной вакцины, также привело к появлению мошенников, торгующих самыми разными неэффективными и даже опасными защитными приспособлениями и «секретными лекарствами»: перчатками, масками, биологически активными добавками, шампунями, каплями для носа, а также спреем, который, якобы, покрывает руки слоем противомикробного «ионного серебра».
По всем данным причинам объявление пандемии должно быть не предсказанием, а, скорее, фотоснимком в реальном времени.
Работа ВОЗ подверглась широкой критике: например, 12 января Парламентская ассамблея Совета Европы заявила о том, что планирует позднее в этом месяце провести обсуждение «ложной пандемии как угрозы здоровью». Но чиновники ВОЗ продолжают оправдывать свои действия. 14 января на телефонной конференции с репортёрами Кейджи Фукуда, специальный советник генерального директора ВОЗ по пандемическому гриппу, заявил, что его организация не раздувала угрозу, а «приготовилась к худшему и надеялась на лучшее».
Сомнительные решения ВОЗ говорят о том, что её чиновники либо слишком неподатливы, либо некомпетентны (или и то, и другое), чтобы произвести необходимую корректировку системы оповещения о пандемии, чего мы справедливо можем ожидать от организации, научность которой находится под вопросом, которая обладает высоким самомнением и которая не несёт никакой ответственности за свои действия. Возможно, она способна вести общемировое наблюдение и сообщать о его результатах, т.е. вести учёт случаев заболеваний и уровня смертности, но её роль в политике необходимо существенно уменьшить.
Unit Two
AMBIGUITY PROBLEM IN TRANSLATION
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