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Название	Российской федерации
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Тип	Учебно-методическое пособие

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TEXT 3. Time in the Hopi Language

The objective of this monograph is to close the linguistic data gap concerning Hopi time. It is my hope that this discussion will clarify a certain number of issues that have been puzzling scholars for several decades. I do not set out to resolve the problem of the linguistic Relativity Hypothesis. The foremost goal of this monograph is to provide extensive Hopi information in the form of linguistic documentation and data in an area that suffers from "tremendous gaps on the most vital points" (Hoijer, 1954, 274).

The approach embarked on for a considerable portion of this work is best described in terms of "linguistic archaeology". Its results may, therefore, be characterized salvage linguistics to some extent, for the impact of linguistic acculturation, especially in the domain of time but also in other areas, is thorough and devastating. While the bulk of the collected data was either carefully elicited or spontaneously recorded, every effort was also made to canvass the pertinent literature, whether available in published or manuscript form. In this way many a valuable or rare expression concerning Hopi temporal orientation was unearthed. No linguistic item is included in this treatise, however, that was not confirmed and accepted by Third Mesa speakers. In some cases, where my informants showed familiarity with temporal terms stemming from other dialect areas, these are also mentioned. On an overall scale the linguistic and cultural picture of time that emerges bears the unmistakable stamp of the Third Mesa mother villages of Orayvi and two of its offshoots, Hotvela and Paaqavi.

The speech habits recorded are those of my primary consultants, whose vernacular is marked by certain phonological and morphological traits that are no longer practiced by speakers of the latest generation. The changes and differences encountered, however, are minimal and irrelevant in respect to the purpose and scope of this study. The rate and pace at which they occur is probably to be expected in situations where a minority language is engulfed and dominated by a numerically overwhelming majority language.

The orthographic notation employed in rendering the Hopi material is phonemic, but it avoids esoteric symbols familiar only to linguists. In all, twenty one symbols are sufficient to transcribe the Third Mesa dialect, of which only the umlauted о is not part of the English alphabet. For the glottal stop, one of the Hopi consonants, the apostrophe is used. The only diacritics drawn upon are the acute accent to mark primary stress and the grave accent to indicate falling tone. The latter may occur on all long vowels, all diphthongs, and certain combinations of short vowel plus nasal and short vowel plus lateral. The following tables survey the various inventories of consonants and semivowels

  

That semantic niceties and lexicalized concepts indigenous to a foreign language are not gleaned from a superficial familiarity with the source language and culture is, of course, a truism for any ethnolinguist. One must, therefore, also ask with what size grain of salt one has to view all those generalizing accounts of orientation and measuring of time among so-called primitive peoples (see e.g. Cope, Dangel, Fettweis, Müller, Nilsson, etc.). A passage which is typical for such a summarizing, account relates how the natives informed the explorer-research in question that they would make a journey in two days. "They indicated with their hands the diurnal motion of the sun and expressed the number two by as many of their fingers" (Nilsson, 1920, 12).

Mention must also be made that study is one-sided in that it focuses only on Hopi temporal reality as it is reflected in the dialect of Third Mesa speakers. Whorf's research, on the other hand, was based primarily on the vernacular of the Second Mesa community of Musangnuvi. To complement the Hopi time picture that has evolved here, comparative studies in the villages of the other dialect regions would have to be undertaken. Especially in the realm of the lexicalization of temporal reality, additional information should easily be found. Of the topics neglected here is the whole range of grammatical subordinators which mark temporal clauses and structural actions or events according to principles of anteriority, simultaneity, and posteriority. While they, as well as many aspectual suffixes that often merge with notions of time, are scattered throughout the many text's samples, a preliminary survey was made available in Malotki 1979b. A more detailed exploration of their syntactic and semantic interplay, however, is now being undertaken by this author.

While, it is the paramount thrust of this monograph to attest to the fact that the Hopi Indians lack neither an elaborate consciousness of time nor its reflection in their speech - the lexemes and locutions – we can also say that their sense of time, or the role that time plays in their lives and culture, does not correspond to ours. Nor would one expect the two to be identical. Indeed, projections of the kind which Whorf based on a comparison of the Hopi and SAE approach to handling time do not seem to be fair to either side. Time-reckoning methods, calendrical systems, temporal orientation means, etc., are very complex and highly sophisticated in both the Hopi and our western world. And although we detect a great deal of overlap, the influence of historical, social, religious, environmental, and other factors has definitely shaped, and is still shaping, the individual temporal needs, of each group.

(Malotki J., Ekkehart. Hopi Time: A Linguistic Analysis of the Temporal Concepts in the Hopi Language. NY: Mouton Publ., 1983. P. 3–5)

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