Федерального государственного бюджетного образовательного учреждения высшего профессионального образования «московский государственный технический университет гражданской авиации» (мгту га)

b) translation verb Participle I Participle II использовать to provide fixed регулировать accomplishing affected to give Grammar exercises Ex.2. Make up adverbs from the following adjectives. Remember that some adverbs have the same form as adjectives. Mechanical, common, straight, great, fast, basic, rough, left, real, early Ex. 3. Remember adverbs with and without –ly with different meaning. free - бесплатно freely - свободно hard - тяжело hardly - едва, почти нет high - высоко (о полете) highly - высоко (о степени) late - поздно lately - недавно like - так, подобно likely - вероятно near - близко nearly - почти Ex.4. Choose the proper form of the adjective/adverb. Mechanical/ly, a gyroscope is a spinning wheel or disk with internal/ly and external/ly rings. Its orientation in space remains nearl/y fixed. Two important characteristics of an instrument gyro are great/ly weight for its size and rotation at high/ly speed. The attitude indicator is reliable/bly and the most realistic/ally flight instrument on the instrument panel. The directional gyro or heading indicator can also tell you rough/ly how fast/ly you’re turning. Errors in the magnetic compass are numerous/ly, making straight/ly flight and precision turns to headings difficult to accomplish, particular/ly in turbulent/ly air. Some models of attitude indicators move in the opposite/ly direction from that in which the aircraft is actual/ly banked. Ex.5. Translate the sentences. Pay attention the words the same and some. the same – одинаковый, тот же самый some – несколько, некоторые Some flight instruments utilize the properties of a gyroscope for their operation. A gyroscope is a spinning wheel or disk with some internal and external rings. In some aircraft, all the gyros are vacuum, pressure, or electrically operated. The relationship of the miniature aircraft to the horizon bar is the same as the relationship of the real aircraft to the actual horizon. Most banking scale indicators on the top of the instrument move in the same direction from that in which the aircraft is actually banked. Ex.6. Make up degrees of comparison for the following adjectives and adverbs. Important, great, little, good, much, difficult, quick, quickly Ex.7. Translate the sentences paying attention to the degrees of comparison. The most common instruments containing gyroscopes are the heading indicator, the turn coordinator, and the attitude indicator. Most aircraft have at least two sources of power to ensure at least one source of bank information is available if one power source fails. The instrument gives an instantaneous indication of even the smallest changes in attitude. The attitude indicator is reliable and the most realistic flight instrument on the instrument panel. Most banking scale indicators on the top of the instrument move in the same direction from that in which the aircraft is actually banked. Ex.8. Translate the sentences paying attention to the word either. either – и тот, и другой; оба; любой (из двух): There was a village on either bank of the river. – Деревня располагалась по обоим берегам реки. either … or – либо … либо … I will phone you either at five o'clock or at six o'clock.- Я позвоню тебе либо сегодня, либо завтра. The turn coordinator indicates a 2 minute standard rate turn in either direction when the left or right wing tip of the miniature airplane is aligned with the tick marks below center on either the right or left sides. An instrument gyro must have a great weight for its size and rotate at high speed with low friction. Either feature is its important design characteristics. Errors in the magnetic compass are numerous, making either straight flight or precision turns to headings difficult to accomplish. Reading Read the passages of the text and perform the tasks for each. Some flight instruments utilize the properties of a gyroscope for their operation. The most common instruments containing gyroscopes are the heading indicator, the turn coordinator, and the attitude indicator. Mechanically, a gyroscope is a wheel or disk spinning on an axis and having internal and external rings (frame). Its orientation in space remains nearly fixed, regardless of any motion of the platform on which it is mounted. An instrument gyro must have a great weight for its size and rotate at high speed with low friction. Either feature is its important design characteristics. In some aircraft, all the gyros are vacuum, pressure, or electrically operated. In other aircraft, vacuum or pressure systems provide the power for the heading and attitude indicators, while the electrical system provides the power for the turn coordinator. Most aircraft have at least two sources of power to ensure at least one source of bank information is available if one power source fails. 1. Find among the bold-typed words synonyms to the following words. characteristics, minimum, work, roll, to use, ordinary, ensure 2. Find in the text the antonyms to the following words. internal, flexible, depending on, consumer 3. True or false? 1) The turn coordinator belongs to the pitot-static system. 2) A gyro is made up of a source of power, a wheel and a heading indicator. 3) Ability to move with a high speed is of great importance for the gyro. 4. Answer the questions. What gyroscopic flight instruments do you know? Describe a gyroscope. Name two main features of an instrument gyro. Heading Indicator The directional gyro or heading indicator is the primary instrument used to determine bank. It basically tells you if you’re flying straight or if you’re in a turn. If you’re in a turn it tells you which direction you’re turning and roughly how fast you’re turning. The heading indicator is fundamentally a mechanical instrument designed to facilitate the use of the magnetic compass. Errors in the magnetic compass are numerous, making either straight flight or precision turns to headings difficult to accomplish, particularly in turbulent air. A heading indicator, however, is not affected by the forces that make the magnetic compass difficult to interpret. 1. Find among the bold-typed words synonyms to the following words quickly, perform, roll, directional gyro, malfunction 2. Find among the bold-typed words antonyms to the following words fly straight, still, secondary, rare, prevent, accurately, easy 3. True or false? 1) The heading indicator is designed to indicate a turn. 2) The directional gyro readings are more reliable than those of the magnetic compass. 3) The heading indicator accurately displays the speed of the turn. Answer the questions. What information does the directional gyro provide? What is the magnetic compass affected by, but the heading indicator isn’t? If an airplane banks, does it mean that it is in a turn? Turn Coordinator The turn coordinator will tell you which direction (left or right) you’re turning and how quickly you’re turning. Its gyro can sense both rate of roll and rate of turn. When rolling into or out of a turn, the miniature aircraft banks in the direction the aircraft is rolled. The turn coordinator indicates a 2 minute standard rate turn in either direction when the left or right wing tip of the miniature airplane is aligned with the tick marks below center on either the right or left sides. With the miniature wing tip aligned with one of those ticks, it will take 2 minutes to turn a full 360°. 1. Find among the bold-typed words synonyms to the following words. display, the part of the wing that is most distant from the fuselage, side, to arrange in a line or so as to be parallel 2. Find among the bold-typed words antonyms to the following words. neither… nor…, above, into, slowly 3. True or false? 1) The turn coordinator is designed to indicate a turn. 2) The miniature aircraft banks in the same direction as the real aircraft. 3) The turn coordinator accurately displays the speed of the turn. 4. Answer the questions. 1) What information does the turn coordinator provide? 2) What is the difference between the heading indicator and the turn coordinator? 3) What does the mark 2MIN mean? Attitude Indicator The attitude indicator, with its miniature aircraft and horizon bar, displays a picture of the attitude of the aircraft. The relationship of the miniature aircraft to the horizon bar is the same as the relationship of the real aircraft to the actual horizon. The instrument gives an instantaneous indication of even the smallest changes in attitude. An adjustment knob is provided with which the pilot may move the miniature aircraft up or down to align the miniature aircraft with the horizon bar to suit the pilot’s line of vision. Normally, the miniature aircraft is adjusted so that the wings overlap the horizon bar when the aircraft is in straight-and-level cruising flight. Every pilot should be able to interpret the banking scale. Most banking scale indicators on the top of the instrument move in the same direction from that in which the aircraft is actually banked. Some other models move in the opposite direction from that in which the aircraft is actually banked. The attitude indicator is reliable and the most realistic flight instrument on the instrument panel. Its indications are very close approximations of the actual attitude of the aircraft. 1. Find among the bold-typed words synonyms to the following words. dependence, lie over and partly cover something, momentary, the orientation of an aircraft's axes in relation to some plane, reading 2. Find among the bold-typed words antonyms to the following words. imaginary, up, the most noticeable variation, different 3. True or false? 1) The attitude indicator displays a realistic picture of the attitude of the aircraft. 2) The miniature aircraft banks in the same direction as the real aircraft in all models of the attitude indicator. 3) The adjustment knob is used to make the aircraft fly straight. 4. Answer the questions. 1) What two elements make up a picture of the attitude of the aircraft? 2) What is the function of the adjustment knob? Electronic Flight Display (EFD) Word-building Fill in the table. verb noun adjective reliable deflect safety expand maneuver Group the words and translate them. Adjectives: Nouns: Verbs: Width, widen, wide, strong, strengthen, strength, deepen, depth, deep, long, length, lengthen Lexical Exercises Match the English and Russian equivalents. improvement in system reliability a single screen tape panel layout to indicate deflection slip and skid indicator primary flight display attitude heading and reference system основной дисплей полётной информации показывать отклонение разметка панели единый экран указатель скольжения система определения положения и курса повышение надежности системы лента Match the synonyms. state-of-the-art overall flight deck improve counterpart make better total modern analogue cockpit Match the antonyms. state-of-the-art slightly liquid less artificial be prone to failure greatly more be unreliable out-of-date natural solid Match the names of the systems with their acronyms and definitions. EFD AHRS PFD LCD MFD multi-function display attitude heading and reference system electronic flight display liquid crystal display primary flight display A system composed of three-axis sensors that provide heading, attitude, and yaw information for aircraft. It is designed to replace traditional mechanical gyroscopic flight instruments and provide superior reliability and accuracy. A digital display that uses liquid crystal cells that change reflectivity in an applied electric field. A display that provides increased situational awareness to the pilot by replacing the traditional six instruments used for instrument flight with an easy-to-scan display that provides the horizon, airspeed, altitude, vertical speed, trend, trim, and rate of turn among other key relevant indications. A small screen in an aircraft surrounded by multiple buttons that can be used to display information to the pilot in numerous configurable ways. Any flight instrument display that uses LCD or other image-producing system (cathode ray tube (CRT), etc.) Reading Electronic Flight Display (EFD) Advances in digital displays and solid state electronic components have been introduced into the flight decks of aircraft. In addition to the improvement in system reliability, which increases overall safety, electronic flight displays (EFD) have decreased the overall cost of equipping aircraft with state-of-the-art instrumentation. Primary electronic instrumentation packages are less prone to failure than their analogue counterparts. Multi-panel digital flight displays combine all flight instruments onto a single screen which is called a primary flight display (PFD). The traditional “six pack” of instruments is now displayed on one liquid crystal display (LCD) screen. Airspeed Tape Configured similarly to traditional panel layouts, the ASI is located on the left side of the screen and is displayed as a vertical speed tape. Attitude Indicator One improvement over analogue instrumentation is the larger attitude indicator on EFD. The artificial horizon spans the entire width of the PFD. This expanded instrumentation offers better reference through all phases of flight and all flight maneuvers. The attitude indicator receives its information from the Attitude Heading and Reference System (AHRS). Altimeter The altimeter is located on the right side of the PFD. The altitude is displayed in increments of 20 feet. Vertical Speed Indicator (VSI) The VSI is displayed to the right of the altimeter tape and can take the form of an arc or a vertical speed tape. Both are equipped with a vertical speed bug. Heading Indicator The heading indicator is located below the artificial horizon. As in the case of the attitude indicator, the heading indicator receives its information from the magnetometer which feeds information to the AHRS unit and then out to the PFD. Turn Indicator The turn indicator takes a slightly different form than the traditional instrumentation. A sliding bar moves left and right below the triangle to indicate deflection from coordinated flight. Tachometer The sixth instrument normally associated with the “six pack” package is the tachometer. This is the only instrument that is not located on the PFD. The tachometer is normally located on the multi-function display (MFD). In the event of a display screen failure, it is displayed on the remaining screen with the PFD flight instrumentation. Slip/Skid Indicator The slip/skid indicator is the horizontal line below the roll pointer. Like a ball in a turn-and-slip indicator, a bar width off center is equal to one ball width displacement. Turn Rate Indicator The turn rate indicator is typically found directly above the rotating compass card. Tick marks to the left and right denote the turn. Answer the questions. What are the advantages of the PFD? What is the traditional “six pack” of instruments? Does the primary flight display layout fully agree with the “six pack” layout? If not, where is the difference? Magnetic Compass Vocabulary magnet lubber line flux pole VFR (visual flight rules) IFR (instrument flight rules) iron attract repel float housing магнит курсовая черта (калибровочная линия) магнитный поток полюс правила визуальных полетов правила полётов по приборам железо притягиваться отталкиваться поплавок корпус

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