«Утверждаю» Рассмотрен Ректор института на Педагогическом совете
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Тексты с заданиями Read the text: How not to behave badly abroad Travelling to all corners of the world gets easier and easier. We live in a global village, but how well do we know and understand each other? Here is a simple test. Imagine you have arranged a meeting at four o'clock. What time should you expect your foreign business colleagues to arrive? If they're German, they'll be bang on time. If they're American, they'll probably be 15 minutes early. If they're British, they'll be 15 minutes late, and you should allow up to an hour for the Italians. When the European Community began to increase in size, several guidebooks appeared giving advice on international etiquette. At first many people thought this was a joke, especially the British, who seemed to assume that the widespread understanding of their language meant a corresponding understanding of English customs. Very soon they had to change their ideas, as they realized that they had a lot to learn about how to behave with their foreign business friends. For example: The British are happy to have a business lunch and discuss business matters with a drink during the meal; the Japanese prefer not to work while eating. Lunch is a time to relax and get to know one another, and they rarely drink at lunchtime. The Germans like to talk business before dinner; the French like to eat first and talk afterwards. They have to be well fed and watered before they discuss anything. Taking off your jacket and rolling up your sleeves is a sign of getting down to work in Britain and Holland, but in Germany people regard it as taking it easy. American executives sometimes signal their feelings of ease and importance in their offices by putting their feet on the desk whilst on the telephone. In Japan, people would be shocked. Showing the soles of your feet is the height of bad manners. It is a social insult only exceeded by blowing your nose in public. The Japanese have perhaps the strictest rules of social and so business behavior. Seniority is very important, and a younger man should never be sent to complete a business deal with an older Japanese man. The Japanese business card almost needs a rulebook of its own. You must exchange business cards immediately on meeting because it is essential to establish everyone's status and position. When it is handed to a person in a superior position, it must be given and received with both hands, and you must take time to read it carefully, and not just put it in your pocket! Also the bow is a very important part of greeting someone. You should not expect the Japanese to shake hands. Bowing the head is a mark of respect and the first bow of the day should be lower than when you meet thereafter. The Americans sometimes find it difficult to accept the more formal Japanese manners. They prefer to be casual and more informal, as ' illustrated by the universal 'Have a nice day! American waiters have a one-word imperative 'Enjoy’ The British, of course, are cool and reserved. The great topic of conversation between strangers in Britain is the weather—unemotional and impersonal. In America, the main topic between strangers is the search to find a geographical link. 'Oh, really? You live in Ohio? I had an uncle who once worked there.' 'When in Rome, do as the Romans do.' Here are some final tips for travellers. In France you shouldn't sit down in a cafe until you've shaken hands with everyone you know. In Afghanistan you should spend at least five minutes saying hello. In Pakistan you mustn't wink. It is offensive. In the Middle East you must never use the left hand for greeting, eating, drinking, or smoking. Also, you should take care not to admire anything in your hosts' home. They will feel that they have to give it to you. In Russia you must match your hosts drink for drink or they will think you are unfriendly. In Thailand you should clasp your hands together and lower your head and your eyes when you greet someone. In America you should eat your hamburger with both hands and as quickly as possible. You shouldn't try to have a conversation until it is eaten. II. Read the article again and answer the questions. Discuss the questions in pairs. 1 Which nationalities are the most and least punctual? 2 Why did the British think that everyone understood their customs? 3 Which nationalities do not like to eat and do business at the same time? 4 They (the French) have to be well fed and watered.' What or who do you normally have to feed and water? 5 An American friend of yours is going to work in Japan. Give some advice about how he/she should and shouldn't behave. 6 Imagine you are at a party in (a) England (b) America. How could you begin a conversation with a stranger? Continue the conversations with your partner. 7. Which nationalities have rules of behavior about hands? What are the rules? 8 Why is it not a good idea to ... ... say that you absolutely love your Egyptian friend's vase. ... go to Russia if you don't drink alcohol. ... say 'Hi! See you later!' when you're introduced to someone in Afghanistan. ... discuss politics with your American friend in a McDonald's. IV. Discussion 1 Do you agree with the saying 'When in Rome, do as the Romans do'? Do you have a similar saying in your language? 2 What are the 'rules' about greeting people in your country? When do you shake hands? When do you kiss? What about when you say goodbye? 3 Think of one or two examples of bad manners. For example, in Britain it is considered impolite to ask people how much they earn. 4 What advice would you give somebody coming to live and work in your country? I. Read the text: In search of good English food By Verona and Jason Winner How come it is so difficult to find English food in England? In Greece you eat Greek food, in France French food, in Italy Italian food, but in England, in any High Street in the land, it is easier to find Indian and Chinese restaurants than English ones. In London you can eat Thai, Portuguese, Turkish, Lebanese, Japanese, Russian, Polish, Swiss, Swedish, Spanish, and Italian—but where are the English restaurants? It is not only in restaurants that foreign dishes are replacing traditional British food. In every supermarket, sales of pasta, pizza and poppadoms are booming. Why has this happened? What is wrong with the cooks of Britain that they prefer cooking pasta to potatoes? Why do the British choose to eat lasagna instead of shepherd's pie? Why do they now like cooking in wine and olive oil? But perhaps it is a good thing. After all, this is the end of the 20th century and we can get ingredients from all over the world in just a few hours. Anyway, wasn't English food always disgusting and tasteless ? Wasn't it always boiled to death and swimming in fat? The answer to these questions is a resounding 'No', but to understand this, we have to go back to before World War II. The British have in fact always imported food from abroad. From the time of the Roman invasion foreign trade was a major influence on British cooking. English kitchens, like the English language, absorbed ingredients from all over the world—chickens, rabbits, apples, and tea. All of these and more were successfully incorporated into British dishes. Another important influence on British cooking was of course the weather. The good old British rain gives us rich soil and green grass, and means that we are able to produce some of the finest varieties of meat, fruit and vegetables, which don't need fancy sauces or complicated recipes to disguise their taste. However, World War II changed everything. Wartime women had to forget 600 years of British cooking, learn to do without foreign imports, and ration their use of home-grown food. The Ministry of Food published cheap, boring recipes. The joke of the war was a dish called Woolton Pie (named after the Minister for Food!). This consisted of a mixture of boiled vegetables covered in white sauce with mashed potato on the top. Britain never managed to recover from the wartime attitude to food. We were left with a loss of confidence in our cooking skills and after years of Ministry recipes we began to believe that British food was boring, and we searched the world for sophisticated, new dishes which gave hope of a better future. The British people became tourists at their own dining tables and in the restaurants of their land! This is a tragedy! Surely food is as much a part of our culture as our landscape, our language, and our literature. Nowadays, cooking British food is like speaking a dead language. It is almost as bizarre as having a conversation in Anglo-Saxon English! However, there is still one small ray of hope. British pubs are often the best places to eat well and cheaply in Britain, and they also increasingly try to serve tasty British food. Can we recommend to you our two favourite places to eat in Britain? The Shepherd's Inn in Mulberry, Cambria, and the Dolphin Inn in Kingston, Devon. Their steak and mushroom pie, Lancashire hotpot, and bread and butter pudding are three of the gastronomic wonders of the world! II. Read the article more carefully. Choose the best answer: a, b or с 1.The writers believe that British cooking ... a has always been very bad. b was good until World War II. с is good because it is so international 2 They say that the British ... a eat only traditional British food in their homes, b don't like cooking with foreign ingredients, с buy lots of foreign ingredients. 3 They say that the British weather ... a enables the British to produce good quality food. b often ruins fruit and vegetables. с is not such an important influence on British food as foreign trade. 4 They say that World War II had a great influence on British cooking because ... a traditional British cooking was rediscovered and some good cheap recipes were produced. b people had limitless supplies of home-grown food. с people started to believe that British food was boring, so after the war they wanted to cook more interesting and international dishes. 5 They say that ... a British tourists try lots of new dishes when they are abroad. b nowadays it is very unusual for British people to cook British food, с literature and language are more culturally important than food. 6 The writers' final conclusion about British cooking is that ... a there is no hope. b you will only be able to get British food in expensive restaurants, с you will be able to get more good traditional British dishes, especially in pubs. III. Discussion 1 Do you agree that food is as much a part of a country's culture as its landscape, language, and literature? 2 Which are your favourite places to eat in your country? Why? IV. Language work Work in pairs. Study the text and find the following. 1 One example of like used as a verb and two examples of like used as a preposition. 2 Two examples of the pattern, adjective + infinitive. It's impossible to learn English. 3 Examples of verbs that are followed by an -ing form. I love learning English. 4 Examples of verbs that are followed by an infinitive with to. I want to learn Italian. GETTING AROUND TOWN a How many different forms of transport can you use to get around town? b Which forms of transport are best and worst for the environment? c Give examples of any problems you have getting around your home town The first underground railway system in the world was in London. It opened in 1863 and ran 4 miles (6.5 kilometers) from the west of London to the City in the east. The first lines were built close to the surface and used steam trains. They then built deeper tunnels and the electric underground railway opened in 1890. This system was called the Tube, still the most popular name for the London Underground. Some of the tube stations are so deep that they were used as air-raid shelters during the Second World War when hundreds of families would spend the night in the stations. One million people commute into central London every day. Sixty per cent of these people use the Tube, mainly because the London Underground system extends far into the suburbs: the Northern Line, running from north to south, covers 18 miles (28 kilometers); the Piccadilly Line, running from east to west is 47 miles (76 kilometers) long London taxis drive round the centre of the city looking for custom. Taxis are often called cabs, from the French word cabriolet, which is a nineteenth-century word for a coach drawn by a horse-Traditional taxi-drivers, or cabbies, are proud of their knowledge of London. They have to know every street in the 113 square miles of central London and spend up to four years learning the best routes. To get their license, they have to pass a series of tests, known as The Knowledge, until they are absolutely accurate in their answers. Because of this long training period, cabbies are often angry that people can drive minicabs without a license. Minicabs look like normal cars, do not have meters and cannot pick up people in the street: people have to phone for one. Most London buses are red. In one year, London's buses travel 163 million miles. That is all the way to the Sun and % of the way back! Buses in London are not as popular as the Tube because they get stuck in traffic. London traffic now moves at an average of 6 miles per hour, the same speed as when there were horse-drawn coaches Alternative forms of transport Can you think of any other forms of public transport in towns, apart from buses and underground trains? One of the most popular forms of urban transport in Britain used to be the tram. They were first used in London in 1861, but they were all replaced by buses after 1945. Trams, however, are making a comeback. South Yorkshire has a 19-mile (30-kilometre) Supertram network which opened 1994. Manchester, too, uses trams as part of its Metrolink system, while many other cities are considering alternatives to buses. The first section of the Manchester Metrolink opened in 1992. It has reduced car trips by an estimated 1 million a year. Manchester's trams carry up to 250 people each. They are clean and quiet. They do not get stuck in traffic. There are no steps so they are easy to use if you are disabled, have a pram or are carrying lots of shopping. The most environmentally friendly vehicle is a bicycle, but cycling in Britain can be dangerous as there are not many bicycle lanes in British cities. Many drivers do not realize that there are cyclists on the roads: cyclists, like pedestrians, are almost as likely to be killed or injured as motorists. This is why an increasing number of cyclists wear helmets and fluorescent clothing. II. Answer the questions: 1. How many different forms of transport can you use to get around town? 2. Which forms of transport are best and worst for the environment? 3. Is cycling encouraged in your home town? In what ways? 4. Can you think of any other forms of public transport in towns, apart from buses and underground trains? III. List all the forms of transport in your home town. Give each transport system a number between 1 (very bad) and 10 (excellent) in each of the following areas: noise, cost, convenience, frequency, safety, exhaust fumes. Discuss your results in groups. IV. Give examples of any problems you have getting around your home town |
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