Приложение Д
Музыка, театр, кино
Jazz
Americans have contributed to many art forms, but jazz, a type of music, is the only art form that was created I the United States.
Jazz was created by black Americans.
Jazz is a mixture of many different kinds of music. It is a combination of the music of West Africa, the work songs the slaves sang, and religious music. Jazz bands formed in the late 1800s. they played in bars and clubs in many towns and cities of the South, especially New Orleans.
New Orleans is an international sea-port, and people from all over the world come to New Orleans to hear jazz. Improvisation is an important part of jazz. Improvisation is an important part of jazz. This means that the musicians make the music up as they go along, or create the music on the spot. This is why a jazz song might sound a little different each time it is played.
Jazz became more and more popular. By the 1920s, jazz was popular all over the U. S. by the 1940s you could not only hear jazz in clubs and bars, but in concert halls as well. Today, people from all over the world play jazz. Jazz musician from the U. S., Asia, Africa, South America, and Europe meet and share their music at festivals on every continent. In this way jazz continues to grow and change.
Theatre.
The 20th century brought great changes into the theatre. Cinema, radio, television, video altered the course of the major performing arts and created the new ones. But still there are hundreds of puppet theatres, conservatoires and philharmonics, musical comedy theatres, drama theatres and opera houses where the audiences are excited at the prospect of seeing a play and the actors are most encouraged by the warm reception. But before going to a theatre you should book a ticket at a box-office.
The most expensive seats are in the stalls, boxes and dress-circle. The seats in the balcony, pit and the upper circle are less expensive, they are cheap. Then at the entrance to the theatre the attendant tears your theatre ticket in half. He gives you your half back so that you can find your seat by its number. Another attendant shows you to your seat and sells a programme that will tell you which parts the actors are playing and how many acts there are in the play. Then you take your seat and may enjoy the play.
I have always envied the dwellers of large cities. They have so many opportunities to enjoy themselves. Theatres, cinemas, variety shows, circus, conservatoire, concert halls, etc. are at their disposal. In provincial towns like mine is we have only amateur dramatics. That's why I always take the smallest chance to go to a theatre when in a city.
Theatre is a place where you can see a play staged. It is also one of entertainments. A theatre consists of two parts: the stage and the hall. They are separated by a curtain and the orchestra. Actors and actresses perform on the stage and public occupies the hall, the pit, the dress-circles, the boxes and the gallery. If we made up our mind to go to the theatre we should go to the box-office to buy tickets. Seats can be reserved beforehand. The last performance I saw was the "Nut Cracker" by Tchaikovsky. How great it was! The main parts were performed by Vadim Pisarev and Inna Dorofeeva. Everyone knows that they are very talented dancers. But I also was impressed by a very young ballet-dancer who was performing the part of Masha girl. I think she deserves respect of the audience because she did her best and looked great for her young age. I had a great time that night.
But we are to admit that theatre is not popular now as it used to be. There are many people who prefer to seat comfortably before the TV and enjoy themselves without leaving their homes.
Cinema
Cinema is an integral part of the social life of people. The movie combines not only stunts, special effects and scenery, but also the genuine art. Many people go to the cinemas in their free time. The movie hasn’t become less popular over the last few years, on the contrary – now it is increasing its popularity. Over recent years people turned old age and middle age have also become interested in the film industry. Although there is no doubt that the number of young people still prevails in cinemas.
Because of the fact that technical possibilities are growing every year, visits to cinemas are under threat. Nowadays you can watch any movie at home, hire any film or watch it online via the Internet. However, the cinemas are not behind the times too. 3D cinema halls are appearing and many other modern things like that.
As for me, I will never refuse to go to the movies with my friends extra time. Even if I had my own cinema, I would still never reject the proposal. First of all, due to the fact that any visit to the movies is a great chance to talk with friends and have fun.
The most attractive genres for me are comedy, horror movies and fiction. I like foreign movies with fast-moving plot. I'm not thrilled with soap operas and TV series.
Exercise
In recent years, the fitness movement has been gaining popularity all over the world. Health clubs, exercise classes, and bodybuilding centers have sprung up from Tokyo to Rome – and even Moscow. Health magazines, books, records and videotapes are selling like Michael Jackson records. And yet, despite the fitness boom, there are still many people who are unfit. This includes millions who play tennis, baseball or football. It includes millions more who work out at health clubs, pump iron or do calisthenics. The problem is, our workouts don’t make us sweat enough or breathe hard enough.
We need to put more aerobic training in our lives. Aerobic is the best system of exercise first developed by Dr. Kenneth Cooper. It involves moving vigorously and steadily over a period of twenty to forty-five minutes, so that heart, lungs and circulatory system works harder and supplies more oxygen to the muscles. When the oxygen reaches the muscles, it combines with fuel sources to produce energy. The more oxygen we can supply to the muscles, the more efficiently the body can utilize this oxygen, and the more physically fit we become.
There are many kinds of exercise that will help us get in shape. The best aerobic exercise is running, and the best distance runner on this planet is the human animal. Other animals, such as the cheetah, can run faster over short distances, but the human outperforms all other animals of comparable size in long-distance running. It is this extraordinary capacity to run long and hard, even in the heat of day, that made early man a formidable hunter. Anthropologists point out that primitive people, in pursuits lasting up to two days, have outrun many kinds of animals known for their great speed. Tarahumara Indians, for example, chase deer through the mountains of northern Mexico until the animals collapse from exhaustion.
Humans are the best distance runners because we have the most efficient sweat glands in the animals kingdom; no other species sweats as copiously. Our superior cooling system makes it possible for us to run long distances on hot days. We also have a superior breathing system, enabling us to change speeds without losing efficiency. And our diet allows us to store energy longer than animals. All this adds up to one simple fact: we were born to run, especially to run long distances.
Travelling by Sea
Human beings are very inquisitive and like discovering different places. That is why people all over the world like to travel around the globe. It is not so interesting for them to see the world on TV today. It is precious to see it by their own.
And when people come to beautiful beaches and sparkling blue waters, they understand it is really the amazing thing they wanted to see. There are countless adventures within reach on cruise vacation. There are many cruise companies in the world, and each of these companies can provide you a qualified service.
During the cruise people live in comfortable cabins. During sea days when a cruise liner is in the open sea, people can take sunbathes, swim in the swimming pools, play fools in the slide or promenade around the ship visiting different decks. You can rent a cabin for two, four, six persons.
Cruise companies offer different tours during which you can discover the inhabitants of a coral reef on a glass-bottomed boat, go horseback riding on the beach, go mountain biking rain forests, explore ancient civilizations as you climb mysterious pyramids or snorkel with stingrays and dive 800 feet down in a research submarine. Days onboard are casual but full of joy and new impressions. But don't forget your camera and binoculars, so you don't miss a thing.
Adventures are endless in this area. People can relax on a cruise surrounded by the white-sand beaches and beautiful turquoise waters of the most beautiful islands on the earth, find and visit tropical places where nature brings striking mountains and pristine beaches.
Such islands are home to rich culture and complex histories. There are archaic ruins, beaches, rain forests and many waterfalls. Here you can find new friends and buy a lot of souvenirs.
THE HUMAN BODY AND THE ORGANISM AS A WHOLE
There are three chief parts of the human body, the head, the trunk and limbs or extremities. The skeleton of the body is composed of 223 bones of various sizes and shapes, which give firm but flexible support to the soft tissues, muscles and organs. The bone framework of the heard, enclosing the brain and supporting the face is the skull. The skeleton of the trunk mainly consists of the spinal column made of a series of bony rings. The trunk is divided into two large cavities by the diaphragm. The chest is the upper of these cavities, the belly or abdomen - the lower.
The upper cavity contains heart and lungs. In the lower cavity there is stomach, liver, gull-bladder, kidneys, bladder and the intestines. The lungs belong to the respiratory system. Kidneys and bladder are parts of the urinary system. The heart, the arteries, veins constitute the cardiovascular system.
The upper extremity is divided into the shoulder, the upper arm, the forearm and the hand. Each hand has four fingers and one thumb.
The parts of the lower extremity are the thigh (hip), the lower leg and the foot.
As for the organism as a whole, it is a single system. In a complex organism, cells and intercellular substance form tissues, tissues make up organs and systems of organs unite in systems. All the cell, tissues organs and systems of organs are closely interconnected and affect each other.
There are several main systems of the body; the skeletal, the muscular, the nervous, the digestive, the respiratory, the urinary, the endocrine and the reproductive systems.
The vital activities of the cells, tissues, organs and the whole organism are based on metabolism.
The regulations between the various systems of organs can be demonstrated by the coordinated changes in their activities. Intensification of the activity of one organs or system of organs is accompanied by changes in the other system. For example, physical work causes metabolism to increase sharply in the muscles. This leads to a coordinated change in the activity of the cardiovascular, respiratory, excretory and other systems.
CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL
Children's Hospital is dedicated to providing quality health care for its patients. To achieve this goal, there must be a partnership among patients, their families and the hospital staff in an atmosphere of mutual respect and consideration.
Many doctors, nurses and other professional staff members are involved in patient care at the hospital. Each patient has:
An Attending Physician - the doctor principally responsible for the child's
care;
Resident Physicians - the doctors in advanced training who are available and
responsible for many of the medical services the child requires;
A Primary Nurse - the nurse who coordinates and directs the nursing care
and the total care plan. In addition, nurses and other health professionals
attend the patients.
Since Children's Hospital is a teaching hospital, students in all phases of health care training may also be attending or observing the child. The patient's parents are entitled to know the names of team members, their level of training, and why they are seeing the child. On admission, parents and their child will be asked by various health professionals for detailed medical information. The obtaining of accurate information about the present illness, past illnesses, hospitalizations, medications, and other matters relating to the health of the child is essential. Questions may be repeated and the child examined frequently by many members of the health care team so that his or her condition can be understood thoroughly.
Medical information obtained from interviews, examinations and test results, and recording of treatments and observations, are written in the patient's medical record. This record assists the health team in providing continuity and comprehensive health care to the child. The patient's medical record belongs to the hospital. However, this information is available for discussion between parents and the doctor. Medical records are confidential. The hospital and its staff are careful in protecting this right. If the child is transferred to another hospital or if insurance company requests information, copies of the record will be forwarded only upon written authorization by the parent or legal guardian.
A physician will explain the child's diagnosis, possible courses of treatment, the benefits and risks involved, and the probable outcome. Special consent forms are required for all surgical procedures and diagnostic treatments performed under general anesthesia. Parents will be asked to sign this form prior to the treatment. Treatment decisions can be difficult and are arrived at through consultation by the child's physician with appropriate members of the hospital staff. Tests and treatments are scheduled as quickly as possible. Parents may accompany their child to observe or participate in special treatments, tests or procedures only when it is determined by hospital personnel to be of benefit to the child. Every effort will be made to make patients comfortable during all tests. If there are delays in treatment, parents should be notified as soon as possible.
The attending physician will notify the parents as soon as it is known when the child is ready to go home. The family will be given instructions on medication, treatment, diet or restrictions on activity when applicable. Following discharge, it is important that parents and their child complete the doctor's recommended treatment plan, and inform the doctor of any changes in the child's condition or medical progress. If a return appointment is needed, it will be made either before the child is discharged or arranged through the doctor's office.
Приложение Е
Методические рекомендации по подготовке эссе
Эссе – это прозаическое сочинение небольшого объема и свободной композиции, выражающее индивидуальные впечатления и соображения по конкретному поводу или вопросу и заведомо не претендующее на определяющую или исчерпывающую трактовку предмета, но представляющее попытку передать индивидуальные впечатления и соображения, так или иначе связанные с темой.
Алгоритм выполнения задания:
Выбрать тему эссе, если она не задана изначально.
Сформулировать предмет анализа в эссе или исходные тезисы.
Правильно подобрать и эффективно использовать необходимые источники (желательно, чтобы в их число входили первоисточники).
Критически проанализировать различные факты и оценить их интерпретацию.
Сформулировать собственные суждения и оценки, основанные на свидетельствах и тщательном изучении источника.
Эссе должно включать следующие части, отвечающие определенным требованиям:
Краткое содержание, в котором необходимо:
- четко определить тему и предмет исследования или основные тезисы;
- кратко описать структуру и логику развития материала;
- сформулировать основные выводы.
2. Основная часть эссе содержит основные положения и аргументацию.
3. Заключение.
В нем следует:
- четко выделить результаты исследования и полученные выводы;
- обозначить вопросы, которые не были решены, и новые вопросы, появившиеся в процессе исследования.
4. Библиография.
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