Учебное пособие по переводу текстов общественно-политического содержания
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THE POLITICAL PARTY SYSTEMThe party system is an essential element in the working of the constitution. The present system depends upon the existence of organised political parties, each of which presents its policies to the electorate for approval. The parties are not registered or formally recognised in law, but in practice most candidates in elections, and almost all winning candidates, belong to one of the main parties. Background to the Modern Party System Parliamentary government based on the party system has been established in Britain only over the past 100 years. Even as recently as the early nineteenth century there was no clear-cut division in the House of Commons along modern party lines. The terms ‘Whig’ and ‘Tory’ to describe certain political leanings had been in use for about 150 years but there was virtually no party organisation outside Parliament. The House of Commons did not present a picture of opposing parties, but of political groups which could only be classified roughly in accordance with the measurement of their consistency in support of or in opposition to the King’s government. The reason for this lack of cohesion, lay to some extent, in the comparatively small size and exclusive nature of the electorate. In the counties there was a uniform franchise qualification of a freehold (that is, clear income) of 40 shillings a year, fixed in the fifteenth century, but in the boroughs the franchise varied enormously. In some there was manhood suffrage , in some ratepayer suffrage, in some the mayor and the corporation returned the Members of Parliament and in others the franchise was restricted to the owners of certain plots of land (burgages). The new industrial areas, such as Manchester (with a population of 133,000), were unrepresented in the Commons while at the other end of the scale ancient boroughs which had decayed over the years and had few or no inhabitants sent several members. The outcome of elections was decided by a small number of influential citizens, and not by the public at large. The personal influence of a candidate counted for more than the policy of a party; and once an MP had been elected he was under no obligation to follow a party line. In 1830 the total electorate of Britain was only about 500,000 out of an adult population of 10 million. The first parliamentary Reform Act, in 1832, while it did not greatly increase the electorate (this rose to only 720,000 by its provisions), put the franchise on a more consistent basis and, perhaps most important of all, began the process of redistribution of seats in proportion to population. An Act of 1867 in effect enfranchised the urban workers and another in 1884 the rural workers, extending the vote to most adult males. Female suffrage followed in the twentieth century. The voting age for both men and women was lowered to 18 in 1969. The expansion of the electorate was accompanied by the organisation of political parties in the modern sense, аs the representatives of millions of newly enfranchised men (and later, women), politicians, who had hitherto stood in their constituencies as individuals, began to form coherent parties, pledged to carry out a definite policy based on stated principles which their supporters were prepared to endorse. Side by side with party organisation inside the House of Commons came the development of country-wide party organisation outside Parliament — Liberal (formerly called Whig), Conservative (or Tory) and, from the late nineteenth century, Labour (or Socialist). The Major PartiesThe Conservative Party The origins of the Conservative Party go back to the Tories of the late seventeenth century - the word ‘Conservative’ first came into use in the 1830s. “The fundamental principles of the Conservative Party can be summarised as follows. First, individuals have an absolute right to liberty. Second, ownership is the strongest foundation of individual freedom, opportunity and independence. Third, Conservatives believe that freedom entails responsibility - to family, neighbours, and to nation. Fourth, it is the role of Government to strengthen individual liberty and choice while protecting the most vulnerable members of the community. Fifth, in economic affairs the Government should establish a climate in which enterprise can flourish, without directing or over-regulating businesses. Finally, Conservatives believe that Britain must remain strong, with secure defences, in order to provide the surest guarantee of peace”. The Labour PartyThe Labour Party’s origins go back to the last decade of the nineteenth century. “The true aim of the Labour Party is the creation of a genuinely free society in which the fundamental objective of government is the protection and extension of individual liberty irrespective of class, sex, age, race, colour or creed. To Labour, freedom is much more than the absence of restraint or the assertion of the rudimentary rights of citizenship. Protection from coercion - by state, corporate or private power of any sort - is only the first step towards liberty. When so many men and women cannot afford to make the choices which freedom provides, the idea that all enjoy equal and extensive liberty is a deception. Unless men and women have the power to choose, the right to choose has no value.” The Liberal Democrats The Liberal Democrats, known as the Social and Liberal Democrats, were formed in 1988 following the merger of the Liberal Party, established in the 1850s (known as the Whigs), and the Social Democratic Party (SDP), established in 1981 by a group of prominent politicians who had split from the Labour Party. “The Liberal Democrats stand for the right of individuals to have control over their own lives, individual liberty lies at the heart of their beliefs. They aim to enable men and women to develop their own talents to the full, free from the arbitrary interference of government. The role of government is to guarantee this freedom, to create an enterprising, sustainable, free-market economy, to provide services for those in need and to work for peace and prosperity across the planet.” Since 1945 eight general elections have been won by the Conservative Party and eight by the Labour Party1; the great majority of members of the House of Commons have belonged to one of these two parties. The party which wins most seats, although not necessarily most votes, at a general election, or which has the support of a majority of members in the House of Commons, usually forms the Government. By tradition, the leader of the majority party is asked by the Sovereign to form a government. About 100 of its members in the House of Commons and the House of Lords receive ministerial appointments, including appointments to the Cabinet on the advice of the Prime Minister. The largest minority party becomes the official Opposition, with its own leader and “shadow cabinet”. Reading notes:
Exercise I. Answer the following questions:
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