Учебное пособие по английскому языку Издательство
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Part 2. Navigation Unit 4. Air Navigation Active vocabulary 1. to navigate – ориентироваться, перемещаться; 2. compression – компрессия, сжатие; 3. still – еще, все еще, до сих пор; 4. altitude – высота; 5. to determine – определять; 6. to maintain – поддерживать, сохранять; 7. reference – ссылка, справка; 8. dead reckoning – экстраполяция; 9. by means of – путем, посредством, с помощью; 10. celestial – небесный; 11. navigational aids – навигационное оборудование, средства навигации; 12. to touch down – приземляться, касаться земли; 13. established – установленный; 14. estimate – оценка, смета; 15. preliminary – предварительный; 16. transmitter – передатчик, датчик; 17. receiver – приемник, ресивер; 18. to penetrate – проникать. Guess the meaning of the following words: distance, maximum, atmosphere, geographical position, principal methods of navigation, pilotage, time intervals, navigational techniques, discussion. numerous calculations, radio communication, meteorological situation. A. Methods of Navigation Learning to fly occupied the minds of men almost from the beginning of recorded history. It brings us stories of flying machines, but man’s first powered flight in a heavier-than-air machine was made in 1903. This flight lasted for 12 seconds and covered a distance over the ground of only 120 feet. This flight was made against wind of 24 mph and was equal to a flight of 540 feet in still air. The maximum altitude attained was 12 feet above the ground. In the old days pilots listened to the winds in the wires and were happy to fly at any speed. But now a fast flying aircraft pushes through the atmosphere so rapidly that the air can't get out fast enough because the air is compressed and heated by the compression. At such great speeds it's not so easy as before to pilot the plane, to determine the geographical position and to maintain desired directions to navigate. Through centuries 4 principal methods of navigation have been developed. They may be briefly described as follows: 1. Pilotage, by which the pilot is directing the aircraft with the reference to visible landmarks. 2. Dead reckoning, by which the distance and direction are determined between two known positions, or in which position is determined from the distance and direction from a known position. 3. Radio navigation, or the determination of position by means of radio bearings, distances or time intervals. 4. Celestial navigation, in which position is determined by means of sextant observations of the sun, moon, planets, or stars, with exact time of the observations. B. Navigator’s Role Ever since the time when people found their way by using a column of smoke by day and fire by night, navigation, navigational techniques, and navigational aids have been the subject of discussion. What is navigation? Navigation is the art of determining the geographical position and maintaining desired direction of an aircraft relative to the earth's surface. A navigator belongs to the flying staff of the crew. He performs his duties by means of navigational aids and different instruments installed along the airways as well as in a plane and by making numerous calculations. That's why a navigator must know technical aids of air navigation and methods of their application during flight perfectly well. He should make navigational preparations for flight in good time. The navigator's duties performed by him during flight, are rather numerous: he must navigate the plane according to the flight plan from take off to touch down; control the progress of the aircraft by means of all established navigational methods and technical aids. He must know and observe the rules of radio communication and keep watch on airborne aids. The navigator has to get flight charts prepared personally and in advance. In addition to all duties mentioned above he must make a correct estimate of the meteorological situation. In the course of preliminary preparation of the crew for flight the navigator together with other members of the flying staff studies the order of conducting flight on a given airway and radio aids available. Navigator's task is to determine aircraft's position, direction and speed of flight. Usually navigators fly on heavy planes. As aircraft become larger and faster, requirements to navigator's work increase. Longer flight sends out radio waves and then measures the amount of time that it takes for the waves to return. A radar set includes a transmitter and a receiver. The transmitter sends out at regular intervals short pulses of high-frequency waves. These can penetrate clouds and darkness. They move out in a straight line. Having met some object they are reflected back to the radar set and are translated into a spot of light on the screen. Ground radar is used to guide planes to a landing in bad weather. A. Comprehension 1. Read the texts and answer the following questions: 1) What was made in 1903? 2) What distance did the first flight cover? 3) How did people pilot the plane long ago? 4) What methods of navigation have been developed? 5) What does a navigator belong to? 6) How does he perform his duties? 7) What must he know very well? 8) What are the navigator's duties? 9) Where do navigators usually fly? 10) What does a radar set consist of? 11) Why is ground radar used? 2. Read text B. Arrange the sentences below in the order they appear in the text. 1) The navigator's duties are rather numerous. 2) High-frequency waves can penetrate clouds and darkness. 3) Navigator's task is to determine aircraft's position. 4) Navigation has been the subject of discussion. 5) A navigator belongs to the flying staff. B. Vocabulary practice 1. Agree or disagree with the following statements: 1) The maximum altitude attained was 12 feet under the ground. 2) At great speeds it's easy to pilot the plane, to determine the geographical position. 3) A navigator performs his duties by means of navigational aids and different instruments. 4) He must control the progress of the aircraft by means of navigational methods and technical aids. 5) Navigator's task is to determine principal methods of navigation. 6) A transmitter set includes a radar and a receiver. 2. Give Russian equivalents for: 1) heavier - than - air machine; 2) to push through the atmosphere; 3) heated by the compression; 4) to maintain desired direction; 5) the reference to visible landmarks; 6) by means of radio bearings; 7) sextant observations of the sun; 8) the earth's surface; 9) according to the flight plan; 10) correct estimate; 11) preliminary preparation; 12) radio aids available. 3. Give definitions to the following words: 1) navigation; 2) navigator; 3) pilotage; 4) dead reckoning; 5) radio navigation; 6) celestial navigation. 4. Match the numbers to the letters: 1. flying a) radar 2. technical b) staff 3. meteorological c) situation. 4. high-frequency d) aids 5. ground e) history 6. recorded f) waves 5. Fill in the correct preposition, then make sentences using the completed phrases: 1) to last…. 12 seconds; 2) to be made …… wind; 3) ….. still air; 4) …. any speed; 5) ….. centuries; 6) …. the reference … visible landmarks; 7) direction …. a known position; 8) … means … radio bearings; 9) preparations … flight; 10) column … smoke … day; 11) relative …. the earth's surface; 12) to install…. the airways; 13) according…. the flight plan; 14)… take … to touch …; 15) flight … a given airway. 6. Make these sentences (a) interrogative, (b) negative. 1) A fast flying aircraft pushes through the atmosphere rapidly. 2) In the old days pilots listened to the winds in the wires. 3) Through centuries people have developed 4 principal methods of navigation. 4) He must navigate the plane according to the flight plan. 5) A private pilot will usually use an aeronautical chart of the area. 6) The aircraft is moving relative to the body of air. 7) The chosen route is plotted on the map. 7. Read the text. Point out its main ideas and write them out. Route Planning The first step in navigation is deciding where one wishes to go. A private pilot planning a flight will usually use an aeronautical chart of the area which is published specifically for the use of pilots. This map will depict controlled airspace, radio navigation aids and airfields prominently, as well as hazards to flying such as mountains, tall radio masts, etc. It also includes sufficient ground detail - towns, roads, wooded areas - to aid visual navigation. The information is also updated in the notices to airmen, or NOTAMs. The pilot will choose a route, taking care to avoid controlled airspace that is not permitted for the flight, restricted areas, and dangerous areas and so on. The chosen route is plotted on the map, and the lines drawn are called the track. The aim of all subsequent navigation is to follow the chosen track as accurately as possible. When an aircraft is in flight, it is moving relative to the body of air through which it is flying; therefore maintaining an accurate ground track is not as easy as it might appear, unless there is no wind at all — a very rare occurrence. The pilot must adjust heading to compensate for the wind, using the forecast wind directions and speeds supplied by the meteorological authorities. These figures are generally accurate and updated several times per day, but the unpredictable nature of the weather means that the pilot must be prepared to make further adjustments in flight. The primary instrument of navigation is the magnetic compass. The needle or card aligns itself to magnetic north, which does not coincide with true north, so the pilot must also allow for this, called the magnetic variation. The variation that applies locally is also shown on the flight map. Once the pilot has calculated the actual headings required, the next step is to calculate the flight times for each leg. This is necessary to perform accurate dead reckoning. The pilot also needs to take into account the slower initial airspeed during climb to calculate the time to top of climb. The flight time will depend on both the desired cruising speed of the aircraft, and the wind - a tailwind will shorten flight times, a headwind will increase them. The point of no return, sometimes referred to as the PNR, is the point on a flight at which a plane has just enough fuel, plus any mandatory reserve, to return to the airfield from which it departed. Beyond this point that option is closed, and the plane must proceed to some other destination. Similarly, the Equal time point, referred to as the ETP is the point in the flight where it would take the same time to continue flying straight, or track back to the departure aerodrome. The ETP is not dependant on fuel, but wind, giving a change in ground speed out from, and back to the departure aerodrome. The final stage is to note which areas the route will pass through or over, and to make a note of all of the things to be done. Finally, the pilot should have in mind some alternative plans in case the route cannot be flown for some reason - unexpected weather conditions being the most common. At times the pilot may be required to file a flight plan for an alternate destination and to carry adequate fuel for this. The more work a pilot can do on the ground prior to departure, the easier it will be in the air. 8. Fill in the correct word(s) from the list below. Use the words only once. To choose, primary, magnetic, controlled, dead, ground, unpredictable, cruising, alternative, departure. 1)……….airspace; 6)……. compass; 2)…………a route; 7)…….reckoning; 3)…………track; 8)…... speed; 4) ……nature of the weather; 9)……aerodrome; 5)……… instrument; 10)……plans. 9. Complete the following sentences: 1) An aeronautical chart of the area is ……. for the use of pilots. a) flown; b) published; c) required. 2) …….. an accurate ground track is not as easy as it might appear. a) maintaining; b) flying; c) taking care. 3) The pilot must be prepared to make further …….in flight. a) conditions; b) adjustments; c) speeds. 4) The pilot needs to ……. the initial airspeed during climb. a) return; b) prepare; c) take into account. 5) The ETP is not …….. on fuel, but wind. a) dependant; b) accurate; c) magnetic. 10. Give English equivalents for: Для использования пилотами, опасности полета, наземные детали, выбрать маршрут, запрещенные области, так точно, как это возможно, наземный путь, редкое событие, компенсировать ветер, обновляются несколько раз в день, магнитный компас, карта полета, подсчитать время полета, точка возврата, достаточно топлива, зависеть от ветра, в случае, неожиданные погодные условия, перед вылетом. 11. Fill in the following table as in the example:
12. Match the words in the left column to the opposites in the right one: 1) fast; 1) to forbid; 2) to found; 2) slow; 3) to arrive; 3) to reduce; 4) heavy; 4) long; 5) high; 5) light; 6) to take off; 6) to depart; 7) to increase; 7) to touch down; 8) short; 8) to lose; 9) to permit; 9) low; 10) easy. 10) heavy. 13. Form the nouns from the following verbs and give their Russian equivalents. To calculate, to navigate, to apply, to prepare, to depart, to occur, to adjust, to depend, to begin, to return. 14. Put the verbs in the correct tense: 1) When an aircraft is in flight, it … (to move) relative to the body of air through which it … (to fly). 2) Once the pilot … (to calculate) the actual headings required, the next step is to calculate the flight times. 3) The primary instrument of navigation … (to be) the magnetic compass. 4) Magnetic north … (not to coincide) with true north. 5) The pilot … (to need) to take into account the slower initial airspeed during climb. 6) The point of no return … (to be) the point on a flight at which a plane … (to have) just enough fuel to return to the airfield from which it … (to depart). 7) The more work a pilot can do on the ground, the easier it … (to be) in the air. 15. Translate the following sentences into English: Первый полет человека длился 12 секунд. Максимальная высота полета составила 12 футов над землей. Не так легко, как может показаться, управлять самолетом на больших скоростях. Навигация, навигационные приборы (приспособления) всегда являлись предметом широкого обсуждения. Существует 4 основных метода навигации. Радио навигация – это определение месторасположения посредством радиосвязи. Навигатор является членом экипажа. Его обязанности довольно многочисленны. Он должен управлять самолетом в соответствии с планом полета. Задача навигатора – определить расположение самолета, направление и скорость полета. Пилот выбирает маршрут, стараясь избегать запрещенных и опасных для полета зон. Выбранный маршрут наносится на карту, и необходимо следовать ему так точно, как это возможно. Магнитный компас является первостепенным инструментом навигации. Время полета зависит и от скорости самолета и от ветра. Точка возврата – это точка полета, при которой у самолета есть достаточно топлива, чтобы вернуться. И наконец, пилот должен иметь в виду несколько альтернативных планов в случае, если маршрутом невозможно воспользоваться по некоторым причинам. Чем больше работы пилот может проделать на земле до отлета, тем легче будет в воздухе. |
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