Учебное пособие по английскому языку Издательство
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С. Discussion 1. Work in pairs. Student A is a navigator of an aircraft and student B wants to know everything about navigator's work. Discuss its duties, requirements and tasks. Use the following expressions used for describing: Well, because....... Well, the thing is.... If I could explain...... Well, you see... It's like this, you see... The main reason is that… 2. Using the information given in the text “Route Planning”, discuss the importance of choosing a route of the flight. Explain the factors which must be taken into account and note the instruments which can help pilots navigate a plane. Unit 5. Radio Navigation Active vocabulary 1. radio frequency - радиочастота; 2. to rely on - полагаться; 3. radio beacon – радиомаяк; 4. to align – выравнивать; 5. remote – отдаленный; 6. yoke – хомут; 7. satellite – спутник; 8. primary – основной, первостепенный; 9. application – применение; 10. secondary – вторичный; 11. to transmit – передать; 12. beam – луч; 13. to pick up – взять; 14. aid – помощь, поддержка; 15. mode – способ; 16. valuable – ценный; 17. to identify – определить, опознать, выявлять; 20. blip – вспышка; 21. slash- разрез; 22. to distinguish - различать, отличаться; 23. cathode ray tube - электронно-лучевая трубка; 24. SSR (Secondary Surveillance Radar) - вторичный радар наблюдения; 25. track – трасса, путь, дорожка; 26. to measure – измерять, измерить. Guess the meaning of the following words: radio navigation, radiolocation, visual landmarks , navigation maps, autopilot, to be ideal for, the principles of radar, early experiments, German engineer, phrase, air traffic control system, display of a radar, civil aviation, military, special position. A. Radio Navigation Radio navigation is the application of radio frequencies to determine a position on the Earth. Like radiolocation, it is a type of radiodetermination. Instead of relying on visual landmarks (roads, rivers, churches, towns), radio navigation relies on radio beacons. Radio beacons can be seen with the right equipment, from far away and independent of the weather. The position of radio beacons is clearly marked on navigation maps. Radio beacons are placed near airports, they can be aligned with runways and can be placed in remote areas so to mark a route over them. The time that a pilot had to fly with the yoke in their hands all the time has long been passed. Our aircraft have an autopilot and radio beacons are ideal for automated flight. Satellite navigation (GPS) is taking over parts of radio navigation but each pilot will base their primary course on radio beacons and then use the GPS. If the GPS fails the course is back on radio beacons. For approach and landing there is no replacement for radio beacons. B. Radar The principles of radar are not new: in fact, some early experiments were made back in 1880s. In 1904 a German engineer had invented, as he explained, a “radio-echo collision prevention device.” The word “radar” was originally derived from the descriptive phrase “Radio Detection and Ranging”. The application of radar in the air traffic control system consists of two basic designs. The initial type of radar, called primary radar, began to be used for advanced air traffic control. When the word “radar” is used alone it usually includes both primary and secondary radar. There are three additional forms associated with primary and secondary radar:
In primary radar a beam of individual pulses of energy is transmitted from the ground equipment. These pulses hit the aircraft from 16 to 34 times each scan. An aircraft in the path of this radar beam will reflect back some of the pulses which are picked up by a receiver. This reflected energy produces a bright “echo” or “target” on a cathode ray tube. The SSR system provides for six modes; only two modes are used in civil aviation:
The SSR is a valuable tool for automatically identifying aircraft. Identification is achieved by providing the controller with a specific radar beacon target identity of aircraft. A total of 4096 discrete reply codes are available for special position identification to be transmitted on request of a controller. With SSR display, the controller sees aircraft returns on his PPI (plan position indicator) as two slashes, clearly distinguishing them from primary targets which are single blips. A. Comprehension 1. Read texts A and B and answer the following questions: 1) What is radio navigation? 2) What does it rely on? 3) Where are radio beacons placed? 4) What happens if the GPS fails? 5) When was radar invented? 6) What does the application of radar consist of? 7) How many forms associated with radar do you know? What are they? 8) Where does reflected energy produce an “echo”? 9) What modes are used in civil aviation? 10) What is a tool for automatically identifying aircraft? 11) Where does the controller see aircraft returns? 2. Read text B. Choose the sentences which contain information about: 1) PPI (plan position indicator); 2) “Radio Detection and Ranging”; 3) cathode ray tube; 4) primary radar; 5) Mode C; 6) Radar Blip. B. Vocabulary practice 1. Give Russian equivalents for: 1) application of radio frequencies; 2) independent of the weather; 3) to be ideal for automated flight; 4) to base primary course; 5) “radio-echo collision prevention device”; 6) two basic designs; 7) advanced air traffic control; 8) visual indication on display; 9) in reply to an interrogation; 10) a beam of individual pulses of energy; 11) an aircraft in the path of this radar beam; 12) automatic pressure altitude information; 13) automatically identifying aircraft. 2. Fill in the correct word(s) from the list below. Use the words only once. Valuable, primary, radio, pulses, remote, to see, to mark, visual, to determine, radar. 1)……….beacons; 6)…….on navigation maps; 2)…………areas; 7)…….radar; 3)…………of energy; 8)…... indication; 4) ………..on PPI; 9)……tool; 5)……… a position; 10)……signal. 3. Choose the correct translation of the verbs. Explain your choice. 1) Radio navigation relies on radio beacons. a) полагается; b) полагалась; c) будет полагаться. 2) Two modes are used in civil aviation. a) использовались; b) используются; c) используют. 3) A pilot will base their primary course on radio beacons. a) основывается; b) будет основываться; c) будет основывать. 4) Radio beacons can be seen with the right equipment. a) можно увидеть; b) можно видеть; c) нужно увидеть. 5) The initial type of radar began to be used for advanced air traffic control. a) начнет использоваться; b) начал использоваться; c) начинает использовать. 6) An aircraft is moving relative to the body of air. a) движется (сейчас); b) движется (обычно); c) двигался. 4. Give English equivalents for: Применение радиочастот, визуальные ориентиры, независимо от погоды, положение радиомаяков, навигационные карты, взлетно-посадочные полосы, иметь автопилот, автоматизированный полет, использовать спутниковую навигацию, система авиадиспетчерской службы, собирательный термин, высота давления, запрос диспетчера, отраженная энергия. 5. Fill in the following table:
6. Read the text. Fill in the gaps with words from the list. Maximum, measure, number, navigate, transmitted, exact, station, track, aircraft, types. Radio Navigation Aids – VOR/DME Navigation is the directing of …from one place to another along a particular line of travel. To … a pilot uses radio navigation aids. There are a variety of different … of radio navigation aids. Here are some of them. VOR (omnidirectional radio range) and DME (distance measuring equipment) are often located at the same site. They operate on VHF (very high frequency) and UHF (ultra high frequency) respectively and are not affected by static or other interferences. The … range of VOR is about 200 nautical miles. By flying VOR the pilot ensures he is flying directly to the …. Also by measuring radials from more than one VOR station, a pilot can check his position. The function of DME is to … distance. The DME measures, electronically, the time it takes for a signal … from an aircraft interrogator, to reach the ground base station transponder, and return. This elapsed time is converted to miles and appears on a digital indicator on the flight deck. The indicator actually seems to rapidly count the … of miles between the aircraft and the station giving the pilot a continuous digital reading of how far he is from or to a station. With the many VOR/DME stations along the route, a pilot can make good his desired …; is constantly aware of his distance to or from a DME station; or, by using two VOR radials, establish his …position. 7. Match the numbers to the letters: 1. navigation; a) miles; 2. high; b) distance; 3. nautical; c) frequency; 4. to measure; d) aids; 5. digital; e) time; 6. elapsed; f) indicator; 7. to establish. g) position. 8. Agree or disagree with the following statements: 1) There are two different types of radio navigation aids. 2) The maximum range of DME is about 200 nautical miles. 3) By measuring radials a pilot can check his position. 4) The indicator actually seems to rapidly write the number of miles. 5) A pilot is constantly aware of his distance to or from a DME station. 9. Fill in the correct preposition then make sentences using the completed phrases: 1) …. one place to another; 2) a variety … different types; 3) to be located … the same site; 4) to operate … VHF; 5) the time it takes … a signal; 6) to be converted … miles; 7) to appear … a digital indicator; 8) to be aware … distance; 9) to be affected … static; 10) miles … the aircraft and the station. 10. Make these sentences passive: 1) Satellite navigation is taking over parts of radio navigation. 2) Pilots clearly mark the position of radio beacons on navigation maps. 3) People used the primary radar for advanced air traffic control. 4) An aircraft in the path of this radar beam will reflect back some of the pulses. 5) A pilot can make good his desired track. 11. Translate the following sentences into English: Радио навигация полагается не на визуальные ориентиры, а на радиомаяки. Расположение радиомаяков ясно отмечено на навигационных картах. В основном они размещаются возле аэропортов или в отдаленных районах, так чтобы по ним наметить маршрут. У самолета есть автопилот, и радиомаяки необходимы для автоматизированного полета. В 1904 немецкий инженер изобрел первый радар. Существует два базовых радара – основной и вторичный. В основном радаре луч отдельного импульса энергии передается с наземного оборудования. Вторичный радар наблюдения является ценным инструментом для того, чтобы автоматически идентифицировать самолет. Диспетчер видит самолет на своем PPI (индикатор положения плана) как два разреза, ясно отличая их от основных целей, которые являются единичными вспышками. Навигация - направление самолета от одного места до другого. Чтобы управлять самолетом, пилот использует радионавигационные приборы. Они воздействуют на УКВ (очень высокая частота) и УВЧ (крайне высокая частота) соответственно. Максимальный диапазон VOR составляет приблизительно 200 морских миль. Управляя VOR, пилот гарантирует, что летит непосредственно на станцию. Функция DME - измерение расстояния. С. Discussion 1. Using the information from the text “Radar”, speak on the possibilities of radars in civil aviation. 2. Make a project on “Radio Navigation” and present it in the class. Unit 6. Visual Navigation Active vocabulary 1. marking – разметка; 2. to comprise –включать в себя, состоять из; 3. threshold- порог; 4. visibility – видимость; 5. intensity – интенсивность; 6. to warn- предупреждать; 7. obstacle – препятствие; 8. slope – склон, уклон, наклон; 9. wand – палочка, жезл; 10.unloading – разгрузка; 11. approach – заход на посадку, приближение; 12. alignment – согласование, выравнивание; 13. descent – спуск; 14. glide path transmitter –передатчик пути скольжения; 15. localizer transmitter – передатчик радиомаяка; 16. to radiate – излучать; 17. inner – внутренний; 18. appropriate – подходящий, уместный, целесообразный; 19. to intercept - перехватить, перехватывать; 20. to generate – создавать, генерировать, получать; 21. concerning – относительно, касательно; 22. destination – пункт назначения, направление. Guess the meaning of the following words : lines, centre, lights, effective, adequate, controller, distance, signal, hangars, electronically, colour, aircraft, position, finally, systems, marker, functionally, channels, final, location, normally, zone, international civil aviation, regularity, meteorological information, Convention, territory, airspace. A. Visual Aids for Navigation Additional visual aids to navigation consist of markings on the aerodromes. These markings comprise single lines or rows of lines which, for the pilot, are very important for holding positions, runway thresholds, the runway centre lines, the sides of the runways, etc. However, at night or during poor visibility by day, lights are required. To be effective lights must be of adequate intensity. At certain aerodromes the controller can vary the intensity of some of the lights so that they can be reduced not to blind the pilot and strong enough so that he can see them in bad weather. The first light a pilot sees on approach is generally the aerodrome beacon. It may rotate and can be seen at a great distance. There might be an identification beacon which shows green flashes of light. Red lights, the usual danger signal, warn pilots of the obstacles such as hangars and other high buildings, telephone poles, etc. Runway edge lights identify the runway and approach lights assist the pilot to align himself with the runway. Lights may also be used to provide a glide path similar to what an ILS provide electronically. The Visual Approach Slope Indicator System (VASIS) is a beam of light having a white colour in its upper part and a red colour in its lower part. A pilot of an aeroplane during an approach will: a) when above the approach slope, see the lights to be white in colour; b) when on the approach slope, see the lights to be pink in colour; and c) when below the approach slope, see the lights to be red in colour. By reference to VASIS, combined with ILS, the pilot can bring an aircraft down safely almost to touchdown by day or night. After landing, he follows the blue taxi lights along the taxiway to the apron and the service areas. At the service area a marshaller, with illuminated wands, directs the aircraft with signals to its proper position for unloading and, finally, signals pilot to cut the engines. B. ILS (Instrument Landing System) The ILS is designed to provide an approach path for exact alignment and descent of an aircraft on final approach to a runway. The ground equipment consists of two highly directional transmitting systems along with three (or fewer) marker beacons. The directional transmitters are known as the localizer and glide path transmitters. The system may be divided functionally into three parts: guidance information – localizer, glide path Range information – marker beacons, Visual information – approach lights, touchdown and centerline lights, runway lights. 1. The localizer transmitter, operating on one of the twenty ILS channels emits signals which provide the pilot with course guidance to the runway centerline. 2. The UHF (ultra high frequency) glide path transmitter, operating on one of the twenty ILS channels radiates the signals principally in the direction of the final approach. 3. Ordinarily, there are two marker beacons associated with an ILS; the outer marker and middle marker. However, some locations may employ a third beacon – the inner marker. The outer marker normally indicates a position at which an aircraft at the appropriate altitude on the localizer course will intercept the ILS glide path. The middle marker indicates a position at which an aircraft is approximately 3500 feet from the landing threshold. This will also be the position at which an aircraft on the glide path will be at an altitude of approximately 200 feet above the elevation of the touchdown zone. The inner marker, where installed, will indicate a point at which an aircraft is at a designated decision height on the glide path between the middle marker and landing threshold. A. Comprehension 1. Read texts A and B and answer the following questions: 1) What does visual aids of navigation consist of? 2) When are lights required? 3) What are the first lights a pilot sees on approach? 4) What is the purpose of red lights? 5) What colours does the Visual Approach Slope Indicator System have? 6) What lights does the pilot follow after landing? 7) Who directs the aircraft with signals to its proper position? 8) Why is the ILS designed? 9) What parts may the system be divided into? 10) What does the UHF glide path transmitter radiate? 11) What position does the middle marker indicate? 2. Read text B. Arrange the sentences below in the order they appear in the text. 1) There are two marker beacons associated with an ILS. 2) The ground equipment consists of two transmitting systems. 3) The inner marker will indicate a point at which an aircraft is at a designated decision height on the glide path. 4) Some locations may employ a third beacon – the inner marker. 5) The localizer transmitter emits signals which provide the pilot with course guidance to the runway centerline. B. Vocabulary practice 1. Agree or disagree with the following statements: 1) To be effective lights must be of adequate intensity. 2) The aerodrome beacon can be seen at a small distance. 3) Green lights warn pilots of the obstacles. 4) Lights may also be used to provide a glide path. 5) A pilot will see the red lights when below the approach slope. 6) The directional transmitters are known as the controller and glide path transmitters. 7) The outer marker indicates a position at which an aircraft will intercept the ILS glide path. 2. Fill in the correct word(s) from the list below. Use the words only once. Provide, approach, cut, transmitting, runway, aerodrome, outer, indicate, touchdown, coarse. 1)………. thresholds; 6) to…….the engines; 2) to.……a glide path; 7)……guidance; 3)…………beacon; 8)…... marker; 4) ………..slope; 9) to……a position; 5)……… systems; 10)……zone. 3. Give Russian equivalents for: 1) markings on the aerodromes; 2) rows of lines; 3) sides of the runways; 4) usual danger signal; 5) telephone poles; 6) to align with the runway; 7) by reference to VASIS; 8) proper position for unloading; 9) exact alignment; 10) glide path transmitters; 11) to emit signals; 12) final approach; 13) appropriate altitude. 4. Match the words in the left column to the opposites in the right one: 1. upper; a) to open; 2. above; b) to divide; 3. outer; c) inner; 4. to approach; d) lower; 5. to close; e) to move away; 6. landing; f) below; 7. to combine. g) taking off. 5. Fill in the correct preposition then make sentences using the completed phrases: 1) consist…. markings … the aerodromes; 2) during poor visibility… day; 3) flashes of light; 4) to warn pilots … the obstacles; 5) lights to be white … colour; 6) to bring an aircraft …. safely; 7) to be divided … three parts; 8) to operate … twenty ILS channel; 9) beacons associated …. an ILS; 10) 500 feet … the landing threshold; 11) … the appropriate altitude; 12) … the direction … the final approach; 13) … the middle marker and landing threshold. 6. Find modal verbs in the given sentences and choose their translation: 1) To be effective lights must be of adequate intensity. a) должны; b) могут; c) нужны. 2) The controller can vary the intensity of the lights. a) должен; b) обязан; c) может. 3) The aerodrome beacon may rotate. a) может; b) следует; c) должен. 4) There might be an identification beacon. a) должен; b) может; c) нужен. 5) The pilot could bring an aircraft down safely. a) мог; b) должен был; c) сумел. 6) An aircraft should be 3500 feet from the landing threshold. a) нужно; b) следует; c) может. 7. Give English equivalents for: Разметка на аэродромах, стороны взлетно-посадочной полосы, плохая видимость днем, соответствующая интенсивность, вращаться, на большом расстоянии, зеленые вспышки света, телефонные столбы, сигнал опасности, путь скольжения, безопасно снизить самолет, точное выравнивание, передающие системы, визуальная информация, приблизительно, излучать сигналы, показывать положение. 8. Read the text and put the verbs in brackets into the correct passive tense. Aeronautical Information Service One of the least known and most vital roles in support of international civil aviation … (to fill) by the Aeronautical Information Service (AIS). The objective of the Aeronautical Information Service is to ensure the flow of information necessary for the safety, regularity and efficiency of international air navigation. Standards and Recommended Practices For AIS …first (to adopt) by the Council on 15 May, 1953, and … (to designate) as Annex 15 to the ICAO Convention. Each country provides AI concerning its own territory. It … (to publish) in the Aeronautical Information Publication (AIP) and in Notices to Airmen (NOTAM). Information generated by AIS and AIP system … (to direct) to pilots before taking off. NOTAM information might include advice that certain airspace … temporarily (to close), because of rocket launching, for example, or that a non-directional radio navigation beacon at a particular location is inoperative. In addition to NOTAM a SNOWTAM … (to adopt), a special series of NOTAM informing about the presence or removal of hazardous conditions at airport due to snow, ice, slush or standing water on the aircraft movement areas of airports. A pilot planning a flight will prepare his flight plan according to the NOTAM information. What information … (to need) for the pilot? This information is quite varied. First of all he wants to know which airway to follow to the aerodrome of his destination. Further information needed by the pilot is that about facilities available en route and at the point of destination, the length of the runways, the communication frequencies, meteorological information, etc. He fills out a flight plan giving the route he is to follow and the description of the route, the name of the aerodrome of his destination and also the name of the alternate aerodrome and other information. Having the information received from the pilot Air Traffic Control can control the flight. 9. Read the text again. Choose the sentences which contain information about: 1) SNOWTAM; 2) flight plan; 3) NOTAM information; 4) Aeronautical Information Publication; 5) The objective of the AIS. 10. Match the numbers to the letters. 1. information; a) conditions; 2. hazardous; b) frequencies; 3. rocket; c) service; 4. communication; d) rules; 5. flight; e) flight; 6. alternate; f) launching; 7. to control. g) aerodrome. 11. Fill in the following table as in the example:
12. Form the verbs from the following nouns and give Russian equivalents. Information, navigation, publication, presence, removal, movement, description, combination, flight, regularity. 13. Make up some questions to the underlined words. 1) Standards and Recommended Practices were first adopted by the Council on 15 May, 1953. 2) ICAO adopted a SNOWTAM, a special series of NOTAM. 3) A pilot will prepare his flight plan according to the NOTAM information. 4) He wants to know which airway to follow. 5) Having the information received Air Traffic Control can control the flight. 6) Information is directed to pilots before taking off. 14. Translate the following sentences into English: Разметка на аэродромах состоит из одиночных линий или рядов линий. Ночью или во время плохой видимости днем, требуются огни. Диспетчер может менять интенсивность огней. Красный свет является обычным сигналом опасности и предупреждает пилотов о препятствиях. Огни края взлетно-посадочной полосы идентифицируют взлетно-посадочную полосу. Маяк аэродрома может вращаться и виден с большого расстояния. Существует два маяка маркера, связанных с системой приземления - внешний маркер и средний маркер. Средний маркер указывает на положение, в котором самолет находится в 3500 футах от порога приземления. Пилот может безопасно снизить самолет почти до приземления днем или ночью. Пилот, планирующий полет, подготовит свой план полета согласно информации NOTAM. Система приземления разработана, чтобы обеспечить путь подхода для спуска самолета на заключительном подходе к взлетно-посадочной полосе. Система может быть функционально разделена на три части. Цель Аэронавигационной Информационной службы состоит в том, чтобы гарантировать поток информации, необходимый для безопасности международной воздушной навигации. Стандарты и Рекомендуемые Методы АИС были определены в качестве Приложения 15 к Соглашению ИКАО. NOTAM принял SNOWTAM, которые информируют о наличии или отсутствии опасных условий в аэропорту. С. Discussion 1. Read text A again. Entitle each paragraph to make the plan. Write down some key words and useful expressions. Retell the text according to the plan and using key words. 2. Work in pairs. Discuss the activities of the Aeronautical Information Service. Ask and answer questions about NOTAM. Use the following phrases to agree: Yes, I agree... Well, that's the thing..... Oh, I agree entirely. That's right/ true.... Yes. That's exactly my own view. I could not agree more. Dead right. I think I'd accept. I absolutely agree.... I'm with you there. |
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