Sold bicycles. When I published my first work ‘History of Western College Journalism’ the Pope Company had given me an advertisement, and that seemed to be a ‘connection’ of some kind. In any case it was worth
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GRAMMAR. MODAL VERBS and THEIR EQUIVALENTS. (BASIC MEANINGS) Modal verbs are used to express the speaker’s attitude to the action of the main verb, they are auxiliary verbs – they are part of the predicate. Most of them are followed by the infinitive without the particle to; modal verbs do not have the third person Singular ending - s. Modal verbs do not form tenses like ordinary verbs. Some of them have only one tense form, the form of the Past Simple. Questions are made by putting the modal verb in front of the subject. Negatives are made by putting not immediately after the modal (often shortened to –n’t in spoken and informal written English), e.g.
MAY I. The modal verb may / might is used to speak about permission or prohibition (in the 1st, 2nd and even 3d person). It is very formal and always implies authority, e.g. May I use your phone? – Yes, you may. Might I speak to Mr. Jones, please? You may not leave the examination room before the bell. Tell him he may take my car. ( = I give him permission to take it.) II. To speak about permission or prohibition in the Past or Future the equivalent “be allowed to do sth” is used, e.g. Were you allowed to use Mr. Jones’ phone? – Yes, I was. We won’t be allowed to leave the room before the bell. Ex. 46. Fill in May I … ? ( = Will you allow it?) or Am I allowed … ? ( = What is the rule?). Answer the questions. 1. … ask you the time? 2. … feed the animals in the zoo? 3. … keep pets in my apartment? 4. … see what you’re reading? 5. … help you with that suitcase? 6. … make personal phone calls? 7. … take this seat? 8. … use a dictionary at the exam? 9. … have a day off today? Ex. 47. Express permission or prohibition in the proper tense form. 1. … I leave the office as soon as I have finished? 2. He was told they … have an extra day off every week. 3. You … use my office while I’m away. 4. He (not) … get up until his temperature goes down. 5. We … go on this trip if we have finished the work by the end of next week. 6. He (not) … drive since his accident. 7. When he was a child he … do exactly as he liked. 8. He asked if he … read the letter. 9. I had a visa, so I … cross the frontier. 10. You (not) … bring your mobile phone into the examination room. CAN I. The modal verb can / could is used for requests / permission (asking permission to do sth) / prohibition / offers in informal situations, e.g. Can/Could I borrow your pen? – Yes (Of course), you can. Here you are. I’m afraid, you can’t wait here. (mild prohibition) He said I could use his car. Can / Could I offer you some coffee? What can I do for you? II. It is also used to express ability / inability to do sth in the Present or Past, e.g. He can read Arabic but I can’t. He could swim when he was five. III. The equivalent of can in other tense and verb forms is “be (un)able to do sth.” I think he’ll be able to run the marathon tomorrow. Я думаю, он сможет бежать марафон завтра. I hate her being unable to understand such simple things. Ненавижу, когда она не может понять такие простые вещи. NOTE: In the Past could and was/were able to are not the same. When we speak about a person’s abilities in general, both can be used; but when we describe one particular situation, a single action, in the meaning of managed, only the latter is used, e.g. I knew that he could (was able to) play chess. (ability) Я знал, что он умеет играть в шахматы. I hear he was able to win that match. ( = managed) Я слышал, он сумел выиграть этот матч. In the negative, though, the form could not can be used in both cases, e.g. He couldn’t dance at all. (inability) Он совсем не умел танцевать. I couldn’t open the door with my key. ( = didn’t manage) Я не смог открыть дверь своим ключом. Ex. 48. Use can (could) in the following sentences and state their meaning. 1. … I borrow your book? 2. What … I do for you? 3. The boss says we … leave at 5 o’clock today. 4. We (not) … bring our dog into the restaurant. 5. How … I help you? 6. You (not) … eat sandwiches in the library. 7. You … take two books home. 8. … you lend me £5? – No, I (not) … . 9. If a letter comes for me … you please forward it to this address? 10. … I speak to Mr. Pitt, please? – I’m afraid he’s out at the moment. … you ring back later? Ex. 49. Ask each other questions about what you can do and give true answers. Model: swim → Can you swim? – Yes, I can. (No, I can’t) 1. play chess 2. dance 3. play a musical instrument 4. dive 5. ski 6. roller-skate 7. knit 8. play hockey 9. speak French 10. make a pizza 11. sew a button onto your shirt 12. drive a car Ex. 50. Express ability with can(could), be able to in the Present, Past or Future. 1. … you stand on your head? – I … when I was at school but I (not) … now. 2. When I’ve passed my driving test I … hire a car from our local garage. 3. At the end of the month the Post Office will send him an enormous telephone bill which he (not) … pay. 4. I (not) … remember the address. – (not) … you even remember the street? 5. When the fog lifts we … see where we are. 6. You’ve put too much in your rucksack; you’ll never … carry all that. 7. When I was a child I (not) … understand adults, and now that I am an adult I (not) … understand children. 8. When you have taken your degree you … put letters after your name? 9. Don’t try to look at all the pictures in the gallery. Otherwise when you get home you (not) … remember any of them. 10. When I first went to Spain I … read Spanish but I (not) … speak it. 11. … you type? – Yes, I … type but I (not) … do shorthand. 12. I’m locked in. I (not) … get out! – (not) … you squeeze between the bars?- No, I (not) … ; I’m too fat. Ex. 51. Fill in the gaps with could or was/were able to, or both. 1. He was very strong; he … ski all day and dance all night. 2. The car plunged into the river. The driver … get out but the passengers were drowned. 3. I was a long way from the stage. I … see all right but I (not) … hear very well. 4. We … borrow umbrellas; so we didn’t get wet. 5. … you walk or did they have to carry you? 6. I had no key so I (not) … lock the door. 7. I knew the town so I … advise him where to go. 8. When the garage had repaired our car we … continue our journey. 9. At five years old he … read quite well. 10. When I arrived everyone was asleep. Fortunately I … wake my sister and she let me in. 11. The swimmer was very tired but he … reach the shore before he collapsed. 12. The police were suspicious at first but I … convince them that we were innocent. Ex. 52. Fill in the gaps expressing ability in the correct form. 1. You … run much faster when you were younger. 2. On entering the house I … smell something burning in the kitchen. 3. If you work quickly, you … finish on time. 4. Ann (not) … read yet though she’s almost six. 5. When we lived on the coast, we … swim in the sea every day. 6. Gordon survived because he … find his way out of the jungle. 7. Last week he … arrange a meeting with the Prime Minister. 8. I’m not usually very good at tennis, but yesterday I … beat my brother. 9. Tom (not) … finish his work for three days. Something’s gone wrong. 10. He (not) … fix the tap so he called a plumber. 11. He read the message but he (not) … understand it. 12. Our baby … walk in a few weeks. 13. Although the pilot was badly hurt he … explain what had happened. Ex. 53. Translate into English. 1. Можно я сяду за ваш столик? – Да, пожалуйста. 2. Я не умел кататься на велосипеде в детстве. 3. Если вы будете упорно работать, вы сможете получить прибавку к зарплате. 4. Могу я помочь вам? – Да, отнесите эти книги на третий этаж в комнату 312. 5. Хотя он потерял на войне ногу, он смог не только научиться ходить, но даже танцевать. 6. Боюсь, я не смогу вам помочь. 7. Он не смог объяснить нам, почему он отказался от этой работы. 8. Если вы окончите эти курсы, вы сможете получить повышение. 9. Я не знал, что она не умеет водить машину. 10. Когда вы сможете приступить к работе? MUST I. The modal verb must expresses duty, obligation, necessity to do sth. This meaning is obvious in the 1st or 2nd person in statements and in questions, e.g. I must study hard. ( = I realize how important it is.) Must I do it today? (asking for instructions) – Yes, you must do it now. (giving instructions) NOTE: Mind that to express absence of duty, obligation or necessity we use another modal verb – need not. (The form need is usually found in questions.) The negative form must not (mustn’t) expresses prohibition (in the 2nd person statements and in the 3d person notices), e.g. Must I (Need I) do it today? – No, you needn’t. You can do it tomorrow. Я должен сделать это сегодня? – Нет, (не надо / не обязательно) ты можешь сделать это завтра. You mustn’t speak to your seniors like that. Ты не должен (Нельзя) так разговаривать со старшими. (notice) Passengers must not smoke on the train. (объявление) Пассажирам не разрешается курить в поезде. II. In the 2nd person statements it is also used to express strong recommendation, when we strongly advise sb to do sth, e.g. You (really) must see this film! I’m sure it’ll be awarded at least one Oscar. Вы обязательно должны посмотреть этот фильм! III. The verbs must and need are only used in the Present. For the Past and the Future you should use their equivalents (which are used in the Present as well) (1) have to do sth (= duty, obligation, necessity caused by circumstances), which forms negatives and questions like an ordinary verb, e.g. Do I have to tell him the truth? – Yes, you do. (No, you don’t.)* Я должен сказать ему правду? – Да, должен. (Нет, не надо / не должен.) We have to put some petrol in the car. Нам надо залить в бак бензин. Did she have to look after her mother? – Yes, and she had to take care of her family as well. Она должна была / Ей пришлось ухаживать за мамой? – Да, ей также пришлось заботиться и о своей семье. I’m sure you’ll have to do both jobs. Я уверен, тебе придется выполнить обе работы. (2) be to do sth (= duty, obligation, necessity due to arrangement, plan, instruction or order), which is only used in the Present or Past Simple, e.g. You are to go there immediately. Ты должен отправиться туда немедленно. What are we to do next? Что мы должны сделать затем?   I am not to tell her my name. (I’m not) **Я не должен называть ей свое имя. IV. When we report direct speech in the Past, we can often use either the same modal verbs or their equivalents, e.g. “I must go to bed”, she said. → She said she must go to bed. She said she had to go to bed. He said ”You needn’t wait.” → He said that I needn’t wait. He said that I didn’t have to wait. NOTE: * There’s no difference between the negative forms needn’t and don’t/doesn’t have to, e.g. He needn’t go to work today. = He doesn’t have to go to work today. ** When we speak about the Past, the forms had to and was/were to have a different meaning. Compare: I had to tell her the truth. = I actually told her the truth. The circumstances made me. I was to tell her the truth. = I was supposed to tell her the truth. That was the arrangement. You do not know if I actually did. Ex. 54. Imagine you strongly recommend your friend to do sth. (Emphasize the modal verb with your voice.) Explain why. Complete the situation logically. Model: read this book → You must read this book! It’s won the Book of the Year award. 1. go to Corfu 2. come to Professor Smith’s lecture 3. try this dish 4. tell us about your trip 5. see the new version of … 6. see his collection 7. take them for a drive in the country 8. take part in the show 9. consult your doctor 10. tell me the truth 11. apply for this job 12. have a rest Ex. 55. Imagine you are a boss. Answer your employees’ questions about their duties. Model: - Must I (we) come to the office tomorrow? -Yes, you must. (No, you needn’t) 1. attend tomorrow’s meeting 2. send this fax 3. keep these files 4. do the accounts 5. stay after work 6. order lunch 7. deal with this client 8. wear a tie 9. put through all the calls 10. go on a training course 11. translate this letter 12. call for a taxi Ex. 56. Translate the following sentences from English into Russian. 1. You needn’t send a car for us, we can walk. 2. Cars must not be parked here. 3. “Must I translate the whole article today?” “No, you needn’t. You can do it on Saturday” 4. Need you do the work instead of him? 5. You needn’t type your composition, I can read it as it is. 6. You needn’t worry about her, she can take care of herself. 7. If you want the time, pick up the receiver and dial 8081; you needn’t say anything. 8. You mustn’t watch TV for hours. 9. You mustn’t interrupt when I am speaking. 10. You needn’t look under the bed. There’s nobody there. 11. You mustn’t forget about your promise. 12. You needn’t make your bed. The maid will do it. Ex. 57. Fill in the gaps with must not or need not. 1. You … ring the bell; I have a key. 2. (Notice in cinema) Exit doors … be locked during performances. 3. You … drink this: it is poison. 4. We … drive fast; we have plenty of time. 5. You … drive fast; there’s a speed limit here. 6. Candidates … bring books into the examination room. 7. You … write to him for he will be here tomorrow. 8. We … make any noise or we’ll wake the baby. 9. You … bring an umbrella. It isn’t going to rain. 10. You … do all the exercise. Ten sentences will be enough. 11. We … reheat the pie. We can eat it cold. 12. (Mother to child) You … tell lies. 13. You … turn on the light; I can see quite well. 14. You … strike a match; the room is full of gas. 15. You … speak to other candidates during the exam. 16. We … make any more sandwiches; we have plenty now. 17. You … put salt in any of his dishes. Salt is very bad for him. 18. You … take anything out of a shop without paying for it. 19. You … carry that parcel home yourself; the shop will send it. 20. You … clean the windows. The window-cleaner is coming tomorrow. 21. (Mother to child) You … play with matches. 22. I’ll lend you the money and you … pay me back till next month. 23. You … ask a woman her age. It’s not polite. 24. You’ve given me too much. – You … eat it all. 25. You … cross the road when the red light is showing. Ex. 58. Fill in mustn’t or needn’t. Tom, Thanks for offering to chair tomorrow’s meeting for me. Apart from Sally and Dave, the sales staff ……. attend, but the Personnel people ….… miss it, as several matters concern them. You ……. mention the new offices – we can deal with that later and you ……. discuss the changes in the computer course timetables since they’re not urgent. Don’t forget that you ……. mention the visit by the inspectors – we don’t want people panicking. You ……. forget to bring up the matter of the Smithson contract, and you also ……. leave out the new manager’s appointment. You ……. go into details unless people have questions. But remember you ……. give anyone the idea that their job is at risk because of this. Make it clear that employees ……. speak unless they want to. Last but not least, you ……. mention the staff-party – Mr Jones wants to announce that himself. By the way, you ……. take notes, as my secretary will be there to do that. Thanks, Laura Ex. 59. Paraphrase the modal verbs in the following sentences. Model: I needn’t get up early. → I don’t have to get up early. I don’t have to make a report. → I needn’t make a report. 1. You needn’t work overtime. 2. I needn’t make any more copies. 3. I don’t have to remind him about it. 4. Do you have to pay this bill? – No, I don’t. He has already done it. 5. You needn’t wear a coat. It’s warm. 6. We needn’t cook our own meals. 7. You don’t have to call me Mr. Jones. We all use first names here. 8. He needn’t pick us up. We can take a taxi. 9. They don’t have to wear a uniform. 10. She needn’t take over immediately. 11. You don’t have to turn on the central heating. It’s automatic. Ex. 60. Replace the words in italics by need(not) or the proper tense form of (not)have to. Model: I’ve been invited to a wedding; but I can’t go. Will it be necessary for me to send a present? → Shall I have to send a present? 1. It isn’t necessary for him to go on working. He has already reached retiring age. 2. Was it necessary for you to wait a long time for your bus? 3. It isn’t necessary for me to water my tomato plants every day. 4. It will be necessary for them to get up early when they go out to work every day. 5. It wasn’t necessary for us to walk. He took us in his car. 6. When I’m eighteen I’ll be of age. Then it won’t be necessary for me to live at home if I don’t want to. 7. Will it be necessary for us to report this to the police? 8. Is it necessary for people to go everywhere by boat in Venice? 9. It wasn’t necessary for us to sleep under a mosquito net. 10. Will it be necessary for us to swim or shall we be able to wade across? 11. It will be obligatory for him to vote. 12. Were you required to make a speech? 13. They had plenty of time. It wasn’t necessary for them to hurry. 14. Are French children obliged to go to school on Saturdays? 15. Is it really necessary for you to practise the violin at 3 a.m.? 16. I brought my passport but I wasn’t required to show it to anyone. Ex. 61. Fill in the gaps with must or have to. Explain your choice. 1. I’m afraid I can’t come to your party. The boss has told me I ……. go away on business. 2. The house looks awful! I really ……. find time to clean it. 3. You really ……. stop driving so fast or you’ll have an accident. 4. This is going to be an expensive month because I ……. pay the telephone bill. 5. I hear that in England you ……. get a license if you have a TV. It’s the law. 6. I .…… go to bed now or I won’t be able to get up for work. Ex. 62. Complete these sentences using must or the present, future, or past form of have to. 1. She … leave home at eight every morning at present. 2. (Railway notice) Passengers … be in possession of a ticket. 3. He sees very badly; he … wear glasses all the time. 4. I … do all the paperwork at my office. 5. You … read this book. It’s really excellent. 6. The children … play in the streets till their mothers get home from work. 7. She felt ill and … leave early. 8. Mr. Pitt … cook his own meals. His wife is away. 9. I never remember his address; I always … look it up. 10. (Employer) You … come to work in time. 11. If you go to a dentist with a private practice you … pay him quite a lot of money. 12. (Father to small son) You … do what Mummy says. 13. My neighbour’s child … practise the piano for three hours a day. 14. (Doctor) - I can’t come now. (Caller) - You … come; he’s terribly ill. 15. English children … stay at school till the age of sixteen. 16. (Mother to daughter) You … come in earlier at night. 17. The shops here don’t deliver. We … carry everything home ourselves. 18. The buses were all full; I … get a taxi. 19. ‘Au pair’ girls usually … do quite a lot of housework. 20. Tell her that she … be here by six. I insist on it. 21. When a tyre is punctured the driver … change the wheel. 22. She … learn how to drive when her local railway station is closed. 23. (Railway notice) Passengers … cross the line by the footbridge. 24. I got lost and … ask a policeman the way. 25. (Father to son) I can’t support you any longer; you … earn your own living from now on. 26. Whenever the dog wanted to go out he … get up and open the door. 27. Waiters … pay tax on the tips that they receive. Ex. 63. Translate the following sentences from Russian into English. 1. Вам незачем ходить туда самим, вы можете позвонить. 2. У нас теперь новая игровая площадка, и детям не придется ходить далеко. 3. Ему не нужно вдаваться в подробности, все и так ясно. 4. – Нужно мне взять домой этот перевод? – Нет, не надо. Вы можете закончить его завтра на работе. 5. Нет необходимости помогать ему, он сам может о себе позаботиться. 6. Мне надо было встретить родителей, поэтому я не пошел со всеми на каток. 7. Вам придется отказаться от курения. 8. Незачем так волноваться! Я довез ее домой. 9. В тот раз ему пришлось солгать, хотя он никогда не лгал раньше. 10. Вам придется обратиться с этим вопросом к своему начальнику. Ex. 64. Translate the following sentences from English into Russian. 1. The examination is to be held in Room 5. 2. He is to be back in an hour. 3. He is to appear in the new production of Hamlet. 4. What am I to do? 5. Is this number to be included in the program? 6. James is to speak on TV on Sunday. 7. The talks are to take place in March. 8. The program is to be shown one of these days. 9. They are to meet at the entrance to the theatre. 10. You are not to mention this fact to any of them. 11. He was to take me to the airport but he was kept at work longer than he had expected, so I had to take a taxi. 12. Who is to show us around? Ex. 65. Translate the following sentences from Russian into English using be to do sth. 1. Мы договорились встретиться у Джонсонов. 2. Он должен заехать за мной в четыре часа. 3. Она должна приехать из Франции завтра. 4. Майкл будет учиться в Кембридже. 5. Фильм будут снимать в Италии. 6. Кто должен играть главную роль? 7. Где вы должны встретиться? 8. Ни в коем случае не встречайтесь с ним дома. 9. Что мне делать?! Скажите! 10. Трое из нас должны были принять участие в этой конференции. 11. Где ты должен был ждать нас? Правильно, у памятника, а не у метро. 12. Каждый из вас должен подготовить три вопроса, чтобы задать нашему гостю. SHOULD / OUGHT TO I. The modal verb should / shouldn’t is used to express an opinion about what is the best thing to do. (This meaning is close to necessity or obligation.) Ought to / ought not (oughtn’t) to is not as common as should and is a little more formal, e.g. I think the police should arrest hooligans. Я считаю, что полиция должна арестовывать хулиганов. We ought to help the poor. Мы должны помогать бедным. II. When we speak to another person, our opinion becomes advice, e.g. (I think) You should / ought to talk to your teacher about it.* (Я думаю, …) Тебе следует поговорить об этом с учителем. You shouldn’t wear this colour.** Тебе не следует носить этот цвет. NOTE: * With “think”, in the negative, we use I don’t think … should rather than the negative forms of should and ought to, e.g. I don’t think you ought to/should go. Я думаю, тебе не надо / не следует уходить. (Не думаю, что тебе надо / следует уйти.) ** Had better is used for strong opinions. Had is usually contracted, e.g. I think you’d better talk to your teacher about it. Лучше бы ты поговорил об этом с учителем. You’d better not wear this colour! Лучше бы ты не носил этот цвет! Ex. 66. Express your opinion about the following people using should (not) / ought (not) to. Model: police → The police should (ought to) catch criminals. They shouldn’t (oughtn’t to) stop people without a reason.
Ex. 67. Give some advice for the following problems. Model: I’m getting too fat. - I think you should do more exercise. - I don’t think you should eat chocolate. - You’d better go to the gym. - You’d better not use the lift.
MODAL VERBS OF LOGICAL ASSUMPTIONS When we are 100% sure about some fact, we use the verb in the proper tense form. When we are 100% sure about a future action, we use will / won’t, e.g. He will return. = I know he will return. They won’t come. = I know it won’t happen. They don’t want to come. However, our certainty about facts of life can be less than 100%. In this case we use modal verbs to express different degrees of certainty, e.g.
NOTE: ** Negative assumptions with must are possible only through words negative in meaning, e.g. They must have no books on this subject. Очевидно, у них нет книг по этому предмету. She must be displeased. Должно быть, она недовольна. They must be unable to do it. Очевидно, они не могут это (с)делать. ** Besides general possibility can is often found in questions, e.g. Can he have a sister? (= Is it possible that he has a sister?) Возможно ли, что (Неужели) у него есть сестра? Ex. 68. Translate into Russian. 1. They must be at home. The light is on. 2. She can’t be at University. She’s only fourteen. 3. She may disagree with you on this problem. 4. He should be the owner of the factory, I suppose. 5. They must be on good terms with each other. They never argue. 6. They must be displeased with your decision. 7. It can’t be our professor. Yesterday the professor had no beard. 8. I might not be able to help you. 9. Can he be her brother? They look different. 10. The man must be very rich driving this kind of car. Ex. 69. Underline the correct word or phrase in each sentence.
Ex. 70. Paraphrase using modal verbs of logical assumptions. 1. Perhaps he doesn’t know the whole truth. 2. I’m sure Tom is her brother. 3. I don’t believe that they are hungry. They’ve just had lunch. 4. I’m sure she doesn’t like this kind of music. 5. Maybe he is still in his office. 6. I expect him to know her address. 7. Perhaps they are room-mates. 8. I don’t believe that he is in charge of the department. 9. He certainly doesn’t have any property in this town. 10. Maybe they don’t know each other. 11. He has a house in London and another in Paris, so I believe him to be quite rich. 12. It’s possible that Liverpool will win the match. 13. Is it possible that they have no information about this yet? 14. I’m sure his salary is big enough. 15. I expect your boss to be pleased with the work you’ve done. Ex. 71. Translate into English using modal verbs. 1. Должно быть, они друзья. 2. Возможно, они вернутся сегодня вечером. 3. Не может быть, что она его любит. 4. Невозможно, чтобы вы не имели никакого понятия об этом. 5. Не может быть, чтобы она отвечала за такую важную работу. По-моему, она слишком легкомысленная девушка. 6. Должно быть, это его машина. 7. Возможно, они уже в отпуске. 8. Должно быть, он ничего еще об этом не знает. 9. Возможно, они не хотят остаться. 10. Должно быть, у него нет родственников в этом городе. * * * Ex. 72. Rewrite each sentence, using can, can’t, might or must. Model: Sarah is really good at swimming. Sarah ………………. well. Sarah can swim really well.
Our team ……………… win.
This ……………. the right road.
You …………… very hard!
Caroline ……………. to our party.
I ……………… , but I’m not sure.
I’m afraid that ……………… today.
It ……………….. here in summer.
Excuse me, ………………. the window?
You ………………. Mrs. Perry. How do you do? Ex. 73. Decide whether each pair of sentences has a similar meaning, or whether they are different. Discuss the difference.
Ex. 74. Rewrite each sentence so that it has a similar meaning and contains the word in bold type. Model: It would be a good idea for you to see a dentist. ought ………………………………………… You ought to see a dentist.
have …………………………………………….
be …………………………………………………
be ………………………………………………..
had ………………………………………………
may ………………………………………………
think …………………………………………….
can’t …………………………………………….. Ex. 75. Fill in a modal verb with the verb in brackets. Model: I’m getting fat. I really …….. (try) to lose weight, like the doctor said. I really have to try to lose weight, like the doctor said.
Ex. 76. Fill in:
I wonder where Paul is. He ………… be at work because he never works on a Sunday. He ……….. be at Sally’s, but I doubt it because they haven’t been speaking lately. I wonder if he ………… be at his cottage in the country. No, he ……….. be because he told me they have rented it to someone else for the summer. He ……… be at the bowling club, but I’m almost sure he told me he’d got tired of it. I know! He …………. be on the beach, because I remember him asking me if I wanted to go with him.
David: ……….. I go to the cinema tonight? Mrs. Stone: You know you ………… go out during the week. David: But I ………… go out last Saturday either. I think Dad is too strict. Mrs. Stone: You …………. speak about your father like that. He’s doing what he thinks is best. David: ………… I have some friends over, then? Mrs. Stone: I’m afraid you ………. . We’re having some friends to dinner. David: …………. I at least watch TV for a while? Mrs. Stone: Yes, you ………… , but only after you’ve done your homework. David: But I haven’t got any homework! Mrs. Stone: Oh! Well, in that case, you ………… go out, but you …….….. be home late. David: I’ll be home by 11, I promise.
Husband: I’ve got a splitting headache. Wife: ………… go and lie down? Husband: Yes, I think I will. ………… bring me some aspirin? Wife: Yes, of course I will. ………….. I call the doctor? Husband: No. ………….. wait and see how I feel later. Wife: ……….. like a glass of water? Husband: Yes, please. ……………. you also telephone the office to say I’m ill? Wife: Yes. …………. you tell me where to find the number? Husband: ………….. looking in the address book by the phone? Wife: ……….. I say you’ll be in the office this afternoon? Husband: Yes, you …………. say I’ll be in about 2 o’clock – I ……….. be all right by then.
Dear Mum and Dad, Here I am in my new flat. Sorry I ………………. write earlier, but, of course, I was busy moving in and unpacking. Now, I just ……………….. buy curtains and a few rugs to make the flat really homely. When I unpacked, I ………………. find my toaster anywhere. It ………………. be somewhere in the old flat! I think I …………….. call for it some time. I’ll come to see you on Sunday 14. ………………. I bring my flat-mate? If we set off early, we ………………… arrive in time for lunch. I ………………. wait to eat your delicious apple pie! Anyway, I ………………. go now. There’s someone at the door. It …………… be the plumber; he is going to install the washing machine. See you on Sunday. Love, Judy
Dear Pete, I am sorry to hear your sister is being so horrible to you. I think you …………. continue being pleasant to her. You ……….. try at least. If she is still nasty to you, you …………. tell your parents what has been happening. Your sister ………… be punished for what she has been doing to you. You …………… speak with your parents about it straight away, before it’s too late. Good luck, Auntie Marge * * * Ex. 77. Translate from Russian into English using modal verbs or their equivalents. 1.Он должен быть там завтра. 2. Он может быть там завтра. 3. Возможно, он будет там завтра. 4. Не может быть, чтобы это была правда. 5. Неужели это правда? 6. Это, должно быть, правда. 7. Возможно, это правда. 8. Кто знает, может быть, они знакомы. 9. Мне очень жаль, но я должен идти. Я должен встретить Бетти у входа в театр. 10. Его дом должны были снести (pull down), и ему пришлось переехать в другой район. 11. Погода хорошая, и мы могли бы прокатиться (go for a drive) за город. 12. Ему пришлось подвинуться поближе, чтобы услышать ее. 13. На следующий день Джон взял меня с собой на прогулку, а вечером мы должны были обедать с Гринами. 14. В прошлом году я жил близко от института, и мне не надо было вставать так рано, как сейчас. 15. Я думаю, вам не стоит обращать на это внимания. Стоит ли беспокоиться о пустяках? 16. Вам следует прочитать эту книгу как можно скорее. 17. В понедельник я еще не смогу дать вам окончательный ответ. 18. Не могли бы вы помочь мне закончить работу? Мне, может быть, придется уехать завтра вечером. 19. Я должен сделать это сегодня? а) Нет, вы можете сделать это завтра, если хотите. б) Да, это нужно сделать сегодня. 20. Мне нужно переписать всю работу, или я могу только исправить ошибки? 21. Когда мне можно придти за остальным материалом? – Вам незачем приходить сюда самому. Мы вам пришлем его, когда он будет готов. 22. Не могли бы вы зайти немного позже? 23. Вам приходится очень рано вставать, не так ли? 24. Он не должен быть (!) в это время дома, он, наверняка, еще на работе. 25. Группа туристов должна прибыть завтра утром. 26. Вам не обязательно (не нужно) приходить самому, вы можете прислать кого-нибудь. 27. Тебе следует позвонить ей немедленно. 28. Вам следует встретиться и подробно обсудить этот вопрос. 29. Не могли бы Вы дать мне еще один пример? 30. Посидите здесь, пока он занят. Я думаю, вам не придется долго ждать. 31. Тебе следует пробыть в Санкт-Петербурге дольше, чтобы осмотреть весь город. 32. Тебе нечего торопиться. Она только что выехала. 33. Было трудно, но он смог выяснить, почему самолет разбился. 34. Вы обязательно должны рассказать нам о своей поездке! WORD BUILDING. NOUN SUFFIXES Verb + suffix Many nouns are formed in this way: - ment improvement, management -ion election, discussion -ation information, organisation -ing jogging, spelling NOTE : Sometimes there is a spelling change. The most common is the omission of the final ‘e’ before the suffix -ion or -ation: translate/translation, organize / organization. |
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