Учебное пособие соответствует дисциплине «Профессиональный английский язык»
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The film/ The tutorial is devoted to/ deals with/ shows … First / The first step … Second … Third / After that … The tutor points out that … To my mind / I found the tutorial …
Hi! My laptop doesn’t have a drive. I know it is possible to buy an external drive. But is there any other way to install a piece of software onto such laptop?
to buy, to allow, to restrict, to make better, to manage;
to purchase, to forbid, illegal, authorized, for a fee;
permission, inspection, usage, authorship;
to restrict, to distribute, to modify, to use, to own, to protect. СПС 3 SOFTWARE LICENSE
Text 3 SOFTWARE LICENSE A software license is effectively* a contract that governs how a user of a piece of software is able to use that program and what he or she can do with the software. This license is typically explained in great detail through documentation provided with the software, such as an end user license agreement (EULA). The license typically allows a person who pays for a program to use the software in certain specific ways, and this license may be issued at the time of purchase and could have to be renewed annually. A software license usually comes in one of three major forms: a proprietary license, a free license, or an open software license. The software license that is issued to the user of a software program typically indicates any stipulations that control how a person is able to use the software. These stipulations usually depend on the type of license that is accompanied with the software. This license is usually free through freeware and shareware, though commercial products often charge for a license and this may be a single fee* or an annual charge* to continue using the software. A proprietary software license is typically provided with commercial software and allows someone who acquires a license to use a program but the software developer retains ownership of the program and source code. Many commercial programs such as mainstream word processing software, antivirus programs, and computer games use this type of license. The user of the program acquires a license that allows him or her to use the program, but the actual software itself remains the sole property of the developer of the program. Other types of software license afford different rights and varying degrees of ownership to users of programs. A free license, for example, allows the person who acquires the license to legally own the copy of the program he or she purchased. While the software remains under copyright protection for the developer, the person with a free software license can otherwise use his or her copy of the program as he or she wishes and is given copyright ownership over his or her copy of the program. An open software license affords much greater ownership of a program to the user of that software and typically comes in one of two forms. One form of open license, often called a “copyleft” license, allows a user to change the source code of a program and develop any new programs using that code, but the source code must be provided with any future releases, as well as documentation about the source code itself. The other major form of open license, often called a “permissive” license, allows the user to alter the source code for future projects, without having to provide the original source code or documentation in any future releases. (http://www.wisegeek.net) Notes on the Text *effectively = virtually *fee, charge = payment
to explain ____ documentation; documentation provided ____ the software; to use ____ certain ways; to issue ____ the time of purchase
Лицензия на ПО – это договор, который регулирует использование программного обеспечения и права пользователя, который разъясняется посредством лицензионного соглашения с конечным пользователем, предоставляемым с ПО. Лицензия выдается во время покупки. Некоторые лицензии должны продлеваться ежегодно. Лицензии на ПО можно разделить на три типа: проприетарная лицензия, свободная лицензия, лицензия открытого программного средства.
Text 4 TYPES OF SOFTWARE AND THEIR LICENSING All the kinds of software programs can be divided into three types primarily, which are freeware, paid programs and shareware. Freeware programs can be downloaded and used for free, although they may be copyrighted or licensed in some cases. Example of freeware are the Mozilla web browser and torrent clients like BitTorrent. Example of paid or proprietary programs are Windows operating system versions like Windows 7 and Windows Vista. You must buy these programs to be able to use them. The third category is shareware, which are paid programs in actuality, that are made available for free by the software developer, for a limited period of time, after which they need to be bought to continue usage. Such shareware programs are marketed in a 'trial' version form, which can be downloaded for free and used for a short period of time, which could be 30 or 60 days. The best thing about shareware programs is the fact that you get to try them out, before buying them. In case you are unhappy with its performance during evaluation or trial phase, you can simply refuse to buy it. It is a clever software marketing tactic of hooking up* people to the software during the trial period, after which they are bound to be ready to pay a price for using further. From the buyer's and seller's point of view, shareware creates a win-win situation. An open source software is either a systems software or an application software that is available freely in the form of source codes and the users are permitted, under the software license, to study, modify and improve the software. VLC, Mozilla Firefox and MySQL are prominent software examples which are open source. Linux and Ubuntu are open prominent examples of source operating systems. Most of these open source applications, as you can discern*, are equally popular to Mac as well as Windows. The biggest advantages of open source software are their ease to penetrate* the market without the companies offering them requiring to sweat over*promoting them and providing a sense of empowerment and flexibility to users and developers. The greatest disadvantages of open source software are argued to be their being in a perennially* developmental stage and the ignorance of system testing and documentation. A software license (or software licence in commonwealth usage) is a legal instrument (usually by way of contract law) governing the usage or redistribution of software. All software is copyright protected, except material in the public domain. Contractual confidentiality is another way of protecting software. A typical software license grants an end-user permission to use one or more copies of software in ways where such a use would otherwise potentially constitute copyright infringement of the software owner's exclusive rights under copyright law. Software licenses can generally be fit into the following categories: proprietary licenses and free and open source licenses, which include free software licenses and other open source licenses. The features that distinguish them are significant in terms of the effect they have on the end-user's rights. A free open source license makes software free for inspection of its code, modification, and distribution. Some free licenses, such as the GNU General Public License (GPL), allow the product and/or derivative to be commercially sold. Public domain software is software that has been placed in the public domain, in other words there is absolutely no ownership (such as copyright) of the intellectual property that the software represents. (on the bases of: http://en.wikipedia.org) Notes on the text * to hook up = to catch (something, such as a fish) on a hook * as you can discern = as you can see * to penetrate = to find a way into or through (something); enter * to sweat over = to make efforts * perennially = always
Через договорное право, в соответствии с авторским правом. Ответьте на вопрос: What are the main laws which protect the rights of the software owner? What do they regulate?
illegal, theft, fee; to alter, to afford a right, condition;
to blame, illegal, software piracy
to steal, to purchase, to pirate; to allow, to permit, to restrict; copyright infringement, counterfeit software, fair use; digital property, public domain software, intellectual property
СПС 4 SOFTWARE PIRACY
Text 5 WHAT IS SOFTWARE PIRACY? Software piracy, otherwise known as copyright infringement, is one of several forbidden actions that may be taken by the end user of a particular piece of software. Virtually all software programs today carry an end user license agreement, or EULA. Upon installing the software, the end user must agree to the EULA, or click-through-license, before the software will install. The EULA lays out conditions under which the software may and may not be used in keeping with copyright protections. Software piracy involves breaking the EULA agreement on one or more conditions. Some common examples of software piracy are: Making counterfeit copies for sale: While software piracy laws differ from nation to nation, this particular infringement is illegal in most countries. Obscure* exceptions might exist for uncommon circumstances* in certain countries, such as modification of a program for benefit* of the disabled, but in general, duplicating software for the purpose of selling it is the classic definition of software piracy. Making counterfeit copies to give away*: Though the United States recognizes "fair use" protection, which can allow protected work to be shared in a restricted manner as an allowable infringement, software piracy goes beyond "fair use." A protected work that is shared with a neighbor might be considered fair use in some jurisdictions, but lines can be somewhat vague* and varied as to exactly where protections end and software piracy begins. Generally speaking, anything that extends beyond personal use is commonly forbidden by the EULA and can bring legal questions into play. Hard-disk loading: Another form of software piracy is selling a computer system with illegal software already installed. Generally, the buyer does not receive manuals, license agreements, or even the CDs containing the original program. Internet sharing: Software that is neither freeware nor shareware cannot be legally distributed online. However, many software programs are readily available over P2P (peer-to-peer) networks, via binary newsgroups or in chat rooms. This type of software piracy is referred to as warez and has commonly been cracked to make it usable by anyone without restrictive copyright securities in place. Unrestricted client access: Installing software on a server without a network license and allowing clients to access that software is considered software piracy. Using personal software for commercial purposes: Many software programs are free for personal use, but require a license for commercial use. Using shareware beyond the trial period without paying for it: According to most shareware EULAs, a user must either pay for shareware or uninstall it after the trial period to avoid software piracy. Tampering with the copyright of any software, including freeware: Even freeware can be the subject of software piracy, when the copyright is illegally changed or the program is illegally modified then redistributed. The redistributed product does not require an original price tag to qualify as pirated software. Software piracy is reportedly costing the software industry an estimated US$10-$12 billion annually, with most of the piracy taking place outside the United States. About $6 billion is attributed to Asian losses, while another $3 billion falls to Western Europe. The United States accounts for about $2 billion annually, the least of any country. Software piracy in the United States is estimated to be about 25%, or one of every four commercial programs. To avoid software piracy, read the license agreement of every software program carefully. Public domain software is the only type of software that can be modified, changed, redistributed or used without restrictions. (http://wiki.answers.com) Notes on the text * obscure [əb`skjuə] = not clearly expressed or easily understood * circumstances [`sɜ:kəmstænsis] = a fact or condition connected with an event or action * to give away = to sell cheaper than it is usual * benefit = an advantage or profit gained from something * vague [veig] = of uncertain, indefinite, or unclear character or meaning
In which case can making modified copies be sometimes allowed? What is the classic definition of software piracy?
Text 6 WHY DO PEOPLE PIRATE SOFTWARE? |
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