UNIT II
OPERATING SYSTEM
Ответьте на вопросы:
What type of software does the operating system belong to?
Which other programs belong to this type of software?
What are they intended for?
СПС 5 SYSTEM SOFTWARE
Actions
(→system software)
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Gender
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Actions
(system software→)
to control
to manage
to regulate
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Quality
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Antonym
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Types
Basic Input Output System (BIOS)
device firmware
operating system
utility
device driver
programming software
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Function
framework
platform
managing information-processing activities
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Objects
hardware
computer system resources
basic functionality
performance
application software
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Познакомьтесь со словарно-понятийной статьей (СПС) термина SYSTEM SOFTWARE и ответьте на вопросы:
What are the main types of system software?
What type of software is system software contrasted with?
Which type of system software is installed on the computer first?
Which type of system software loads the operating system?
Which type of system software allows the user to interact with the computer?
Which type of system software is the most important one?
Which operating system is the most popular one at present?
What are the main functions of system software?
What does system software manage?
What is device firmware necessary for?
What is the purpose of the operating system?
What is utility?
What is programming software designed for?
Прочитайте заголовок текста 1 и скажите по-английски, какая информация может содержаться в данном тексте.
Прочитайте текст и определите, правильно ли Вы предугадали содержание текста.
Text 1
TYPES OF SYSTEM SOFTWARE
System software is a collection of software programs that enable the user to interact with the computing device without getting lost* among the complexities of technical interactions between mechanical parts and machine-oriented codified programs. In other words, system software is the backbone* of a computer. While on the one hand it regulates the operation of the computer hardware to perform the necessary user-oriented functions, it also provides the basic framework to enable smooth running of the various application software on the other hand. To put it simply, system software is the basic platform upon which the computer runs its hardware and enables the user to derive* full computing functionality of the various application software and get his work done. Now, speaking of the types of system software, there are four basic categories under which system software can be classified. These are:
The Basic Input Output System (BIOS) or boot loader which defines the firmware interface and loads the OS;
The device firmware that controls the operation and performance of the computer hardware;
The operating system (OS) which allows the user to interact with the hardware and get the desired outcome by carrying data between RAM and storage disks, displaying the desired result on the output device (monitor/ LCD) and by acting as the platform to allow various other system and application software to run on the computing device;
Various utility software that regulate the computer functionality by analyzing its performance, configuring and optimizing its processes and, thereby, carrying out system maintenance functions.
Programming software can be considered as a type of system software or an independent type of software. It usually provides tools to assist a programmer in writing computer programs, and software using different programming languages in a more convenient way.
(http://www.buzzle.com)
Notes on the Text
* to get lost = to loose one’s way
* backbone = basis
* framework = a basic structure underlying a system
* to derive = to obtain, to get
Прочитайте первый абзац текста и
определите, какую информацию несут данные ниже слова, выпишите из текста, что является объектом данных действий:
to enable, to regulate, to perform, to provide;
проанализируйте употребление инфинитива в первом абзаце, какую функцию выполняет инфинитив в предложении;
найдите в первом абзаце слово (словосочетание), которое можно рассматривать в качестве синонима к словосочетанию basic framework, объясните по-английски, как Вы его понимаете;
переведите на английский язык инвариант первого абзаца:
Системное ПО представляет собой набор программ, которые обеспечивают основу, которая позволяет пользователю взаимодействовать с компьютером, регулируя работу аппаратного обеспечения и выполняя прикладные программы.
Прочитайте ту часть текста, в которой говорится о различных типах системного ПО и
определите, какую информацию несут данные ниже слова, выпишите из текста, что является объектом данных действий:
to load, to control, to allow, to regulate, to provide;
определите значение слов/словосочетаний, выделенных курсивом; к какой части речи они относятся?
выпишите для каждого типа системного ПО лексические средства, с помощью которых описывается отличительные особенности данных типов. Опираясь на выделенные Вами лексические средства, дайте краткую характеристику данных типов системного ПО.
Соотнесите тип системного ПО и выполняемую им функцию/функции. Сравните Ваш ответ с данными ЛССТ в словаре по программному обеспечению
BIOS
device firmware
operating system
utility
middleware
programming software
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creating computer programs
setting up hardware
intermediary
loading OS
regulating computer functionality
computer resources management
running application programs
controlling hardware
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Дайте определения следующих типов системного ПО, используя данные слова и словосочетания. Сравните данные Вами определения с определениями в глоссарии.
BIOS
middleware
utility
programming software
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a set of, to store in EPROM, start-up procedures, the hardware, the OS
to mediate
specialized, limited, specific; program, tasks, capability, computer functionality
to provide, tools for
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Изучите ЛССТ OPERATING SYSTEM и скажите, с помощью каких слов можно раскрыть каждую из подтем, выделенных в этой теме.
Подберите английские эквиваленты из ЛССТ OPERATING SYSTEM к данным терминам и словосочетаниям:
Операционная система, однозадачная ОС, однопользовательская ОС, ОС реального времени, многопользовательская ОС, многозадачная ОС, встроенная ОС, сетевая ОС, распределенная ОС, загрузчик, системная библиотека, пользовательский интерфейс, ядро, оболочка, семейство ОС, свойства, распределение времени, пакетная обработка, многозадачность, файловая структура, файловая система, диспетчеризация работы, функции ОС, управление ресурсами, управление ЦПУ, управление памятью, управление вводом/выводом, управление данными, выполнение программ, эволюция ОС, этапы в развитии, первые ОС, тенденции и перспективы.
Познакомьтесь со СПС OPERATING SYSTEM. Какие слова Вам уже знакомы? Ответьте на вопросы, опираясь на ЛССТ и используя слова из СПС.
What type of software do operating systems belong to?
What kind of program is it?
What categories can operating systems be classified into? Do you know any examples of these types?
Can you give examples of desktop operating systems?
Can you name the latest version of the Windows family? When was it released?
Can you give examples of Unix-like operating systems?
Is Windows an open source OS?
What are the main components of an operating system?
What types of user interface do current operating systems have?
Do you agree that the operating system is the most important type of software in the computer system?
What is the operating system responsible for?
What does the operating system manage?
What does the operating system provide?
What are the main features of the latest operating systems?
Where must the operating system reside during processing?
ЛССТ OPERATING SYSTEM
ЛССТ 2
СПС 6 OPERATING SYSTEM
Actions
(→operating system)
to classify
to develop
to release
to update
to boot
to access
to log in
to require
to run
to call
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Gender
system software
master control program
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Actions
(operating system→)
to be based (on)
to manage
to control
to support
to allocate
to interrupt
to reside
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Types
real-time
multiuser
single-user
single-task
multitasking
multi-processing
multithreading
embedded
distributed
network
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Feature
compatibility
functionality
multi-tasking
batch processing
work scheduling
time sharing
file structure
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Agent
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Objects
hardware resources
services
security
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Quality
compatible
powerful
reliable
secure
industry standard
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Elements
kernel
library
shell
user interface
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Quality
advanced
commonly used
important
responsible (for)
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Function
managing computer resources
managing processing tasks
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Location
internal memory (RAM)
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Way of action
as a platform
concurrently
in…mode
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Прочитайте текст и разделите его на смысловые части; определите, с какой частью логико-семантической структуры темы соотносится каждая часть текста. На какие ключевые слова Вы опирались?
Text 2
OPERATING SYSTEM
An operating system is software, consisting of programs and data that runs on computers, manages computer hardware resources, and provides common services for execution of various application software. Operating system is the most important type of system software in a computer system. Without an operating system, a user cannot run an application program on the computer, unless the application program is self booting.
For hardware functions such as input and output and memory allocation, the operating system acts as an intermediary between application programs and the computer hardware, although the application code is usually executed directly by the hardware and will frequently call the OS or be interrupted by it. Operating systems are found on almost any device that contains a computer – from cellular phones and video game consoles to supercomputers and web servers.
Computer operating systems can be broadly classified into certain categories. One thing that needs to be kept in mind is that one particular operating system can fall into more than one category. The classification is based on the features that operating systems have.
Multithreading operating systems are the operating systems that allow different parts of the same software to run at the same time. Operating systems like Windows 9X, ME, XP, Vista, 7 and Linux are examples of this type of operating system.
If your operating system allows you to run more than one application software at the same time, then it can be classified as a multitasking operating system. The same operating systems that have been mentioned can be classified into this type of operating system.
Multi-user operating systems allow more than one user to log in to the computer system at the same time and use it. Linux is an example of this type of operating system, which allows six users to log in at the same time and use the operating system.
Most operating systems have a graphical user interface. GUI operating systems, like Windows 98, XP, ME, Vista, 7 and Linux, allow users to navigate with the help of a mouse and have graphic representation of every process or application. Examples of popular modern operating systems are: BSD, Linux, Mac OS X, Microsoft Windows and UNIX.
(http://en.wikipedia.org)
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