Учебное пособие соответствует дисциплине «Профессиональный английский язык»

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Название	Учебное пособие соответствует дисциплине «Профессиональный английский язык»
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Тип	Учебное пособие

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Опираясь на выделенные Вами ключевые слова, напишите аннотацию к тексту.

Прочитайте первый и второй абзац текста 2 еще раз и выполните следующие задания:

определите, что является объектами действий, выраженных данными ниже глаголами. Что сообщается с помощью данных словосочетаний?

to manage, to provide, to run, to call, to interrupt;

определите значение словосочетаний self booting, to act as an intermediary; Как Вы можете переформулировать эти предложения?
дополните краткое изложение этой части текста подходящими по смыслу словами и словосочетаниями:

Operating system is the most important type of _____________ in a computer system that manages ______________ and ______________ various application programs. Besides the operating system _____________ between application programs and the computer hardware. The OS is often __________ by the application code and __________ it. Almost any device at present __________ an operating system.

Найдите в тексте 2 ту часть, в которой говорится о типах операционных систем. Выпишите слова/словосочетания, с помощью которых передается данная информация. Какими словами можно дополнить СПС OPERATING SYSTEM? Используя данные слова и словосочетания передайте содержание второй части текста.

Type of OS	Action	Object	Way of action	Example

Дайте определение термина OPERATING SYSTEM, используя лексику соответствующей СПС. Как строится определение? Сравните Ваше определение с определением в глоссарии.

Подберите объяснения к данным типам ОС. Можете ли Вы привести примеры каждого типа ОС?

A real-time operating system
A multi-user operating system
A single-user operating system
A single-tasking system
A multitasking operating system
A distributed operating system
An embedded operating system

allows the execution of multiple tasks at one time.
is designed to be used in embedded computer systems
is a multitasking operating system that aims at executing real-time applications.
manages a group of independent computers and makes them appear to be a single computer.
allows multiple users to access a computer system concurrently.
allows a single program to run at a time.
is usable by a single user at a time.

Составьте определения к терминам из данных частей. На какие слова и словосочетания Вы при этом опирались? Переведите определения. Сравните Ваши определения с определениями, данными в глоссарии.

bootstrap loader
kernel
library
shell
interface

1) a collection of standard programs and subroutines for immediate use

2) a piece of software

3) the central component of а computer operating system

4) a short program

5) a program

that allows a user to interact with the computer
that provides an interface for users of an operating system
loaded from non-volatile storage and used to bootstrap a computer
which resides in memory and is responsible for managing the system's resources
usually stored on disk or some other storage device

Используя слова из СПС OPERATING SYSTEM, SOFTWARE и SYSTEM SOFTWARE, выполните следующие задания:

назовите слово с похожим значением к данным ниже словам:

to develop, to improve, to monitor, to be situated, version, at the same time, to categorize;

соотнесите слово и его значение:

to boot
to load
to allocate
to evaluate
to interrupt
to log in
to call
responsible
reliable
compatible
powerful

to transfer programs into a computer memory or processor
to start a computer and put it into a state of readiness for operation
to form an idea of the value
to distribute resources for a particular purpose
to stop an activity or process
to transfer control to (a named subprogram); cause the execution of (a subroutine)
to go through the procedures to begin use of a computer system, which includes establishing the identity of the user
able to be used with a specified piece of equipment or software without special adaptation or modification
good in quality or performance, able to be trusted
having control over
extremely effective or efficient in action

найдите в группе слово (слова), которое близко по смыслу к первому:

to adopt – to design, to release, to accept;

to incorporate – to include, to interact, to release;

to execute – to run, to perform, to combine;

to aim at – to be based on, to enable, to be intended for;

to require – to need, to demand, to evaluate

назовите однокоренные слова к данным ниже:

compatible, secure, function, power,

составьте словосочетания, используя слова из разных колонок; составьте предложения с этими словосочетаниями:

to control
to run
to manage
to allocate
to execute
to interrupt
to log in
to assess
to adopt
to increase
to require
to operate
to boot
to reside

the functions of the computer systems
the running of application programs
computer resources
an application program
the application code
at the same time
to the computer system
the computer system
as industry standard
productivity
a powerful operating system
operations
in real-time mode
in the internal memory
into the internal memory

Прочитайте заголовок текста 3 и назовите слова и словосочетания, с помощью которых может быть раскрыта данная тема.

Прочитайте текст 3 и выпишите все особенности операционных систем как типа ПО?

Text 3

GENERAL FEATURES OF OPERATING SYSTEMS

An operating system is a master control program which controls the functions of the computer systems as a whole and the running of application programs. All computers do not use the same operating systems. It is therefore important to assess* the operating system used on a particular model before initial commitment because some software is only designed to run under the control of specific operating systems. Some operating systems are adopted* as ‘industry standards’ and these are the ones which should be evaluated because they normally have a good software base. The reason for this is that software houses are willing to expand resources on the development of application packages for machines functioning under the control of an operating system which is widely used. The cost of software is likely to be lower in such circumstances as the development costs are spread over a great number of users, both actual and potential.

Mainframe computers usually process several application programs concurrently, switching from one to the other, for the purpose of increasing processing productivity. This is known as multiprogramming (multi-tasking in the context of microcomputers), which requires a powerful operating system incorporating work scheduling facilities to control the switching between programs. This entails reading in data for one program while the processor is performing computations on another and printing out results on yet another.

In multi-user environments an operating system is required to control terminal operations on a shared access bases as only one user can access the system at any moment of time. The operating system allocates control to terminal in turn. Such systems also require a system for record locking and unlocking, to prevent one user attempting to read a record whilst another user is updating it, for instance. The first user is allocated control to write to a record (or file in some instances) and other users are denied access until the record is updated and unlocked.

Some environments operate in concurrent batch and real-time mode. This means that a ‘background’ job deals with routine batch processing whilst the ‘foreground’ job deals with real-time operations such as airline seats reservations, on-line booking of hotel accommodation, or control of warehouse stocks, etc. The real-time operation has priority, and the operating system interrupts batch processing operations to deal with real-time enquiries or file updates. The stage of batch processing attained at the time of interrupt is temporarily transferred to backing storage. After the real-time operation has been dealt with, the interrupted program is transferred back to internal memory from backing storage, and processing recommences from a ‘restart’ point. The operating system also copies to disk backing storage the state of the real-time system every few minutes (periodic check points) to provide a means of ‘recovering’ the system in the event of a malfunction.

An operating system is stored on disk and has to be booted into the internal memory (RAM) where it must reside throughout processing so that commands are instantly available. The operating system commands may exceed the internal memory capacity of the computer in which case only that portion of the OS which is frequently used is retained internally, other modules being read in from disk as required. Many microcomputers function under the control of a disk operating system known as DOS.

(Oxford English for Computing)

Notes on the Text

*to assess = to evaluate

* to adopt = to formally accept

Дополните краткое изложение текста подходящими по смыслу словами и словосочетаниями:

An operating system is a a) __________ which controls the functions of the computer systems as a whole and the running of b) __________.

Mainframe computers usually process several application programs concurrently, switching from one to the other. This is known as c) __________ or d) __________ in the context of microcomputers, which requires a powerful operating system incorporating e) __________ to control the switching between programs.

Some environments operate in concurrent batch and real-time mode. This means that a ‘background’ job deals with routine f) __________ whilst the ‘foreground’ job deals with g) __________ operations.

An operating system is h) __________ on disk and has to be i) __________ into the internal memory (RAM) where it must j) __________ throughout processing so that commands are instantly available.

Ответьте на вопросы, используя информацию текста и Ваши знания.

Why is it important to know which operating system is installed on the computer?
Why are most application programs developed for operating systems which are adopted as ‘industry standards’?
What does a shared access bases mean? What type of operating system is it used in?
What is concurrent batch and real-time mode? Where can it be used? How does it function?
Why must the operating system reside in the internal memory throughout processing? What can happen if the operating system exceeds the internal memory capacity of the computer?

Вам необходимо выступить с сообщением о роли операционной системы в компьютерной системе. Расскажите, как реализуются различные функциональные возможности ОС, где они находят применение.

подготовьте подробный план Вашего сообщения;
выступите с сообщением.

Вы собираетесь прослушать интервью с разработчиком ОС Windows Vista Билом Томпсоном.

а) Какие слова/ выражения могут быть использованы для рассказ о данной ОС?

б) В интервью вам встретятся следующие слова, определите их значение:

to launch = to release a new product;

successor = a person or thing that follows;

to be aimed at = to be intended for, to be designed for;

attractive = arousing interest

Прослушайте интервью с разработчиком ОС Windows Vista Билом Томпсоном и ответьте на вопросы:

Why is Windows so popular? Give two reasons.
What was the successor to Windows XP?
How many versions of Windows Vista are available?
Which Windows Vista edition is aimed at high-end PC users, gamers and multimedia professionals?

Прослушайте интервью с Билом Томпсоном еще раз и заполните пропуски в таблице:

Windows Vista edition	Other features	Internet and security	Windows programs
(1)__________ is designed for users with basic needs, such as email and internet (2)__________. Home Premium is for (3)__________ home computing and entertainment. The Business edition is ideal for (4)_________ __________. The Ultimate edition combines all the (5)__________ of the other editions and is the most complete.	The user interface has been redesigned with new icons and a new (6)__________ . __________ It offers (7)__________ for the latest technologies, from DVD creation to speech recognition.	Internet Explorer is more (8)__________ and secure. The Security Centre includes an anti-spyware program called Windows Defender, and a firewall that protects your computer from (9)__________ __________ .	The most popular is still Microsoft Office, a suite that includes the (10)__________ __________, Word; an email program; the Excel spreadsheet program; and the (11)__________ __________ program, PowerPoint.

Примите участие в обсуждении операционной системы Windows Vista на форуме. Выскажете свое мнение о сильных и слабых сторонах данной ОС.

Подготовьте сообщение об одной из операционных систем по данному ниже плану. Используйте информацию текстов, данных в приложении.

Type of operating systems
Developer
Spheres of application
First release, steps in the development
Main features and characteristics
Advantages and shortcomings

Соотнесите элементы интерфейса (a-j) ОС Mac OS X со словами/ словосочетаниями данными ниже:

desktop
window
menu bar
drop-down (pull-down) menu
scroll bar

dock
document icon
program icon
folder icon
hard drive icon

Познакомьтесь со СПС GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE. Какие слова Вам уже известны? Назовите их значение. Ответьте на вопросы, используя слова из СПС.

What type of the user interface preceded the graphical user interface?
Do you have to type commands using the GUI?
What term is used for the background of the screen?
What do icons on the screen represent?
What can you do with a folder icon?
Why was the Microsoft OS called ‘Windows’?
Do you find this operating system user-friendly and easy to use?
Have you seen the GUI of the latest Windows version? Do you find it attractive?
Where is the Start menu usually situated?
Where is the taskbar usually situated?
What do you usually use to move around the screen and select menu items?

Соотнесите слово и его значение:

to enable
to facilitate
to point
to select
to drag
to click
to touch
to launch
to let

to allow, to permit
to put (a new product) on the market
to tap, feel, or strike, esp. with the hand
to press and release (a button on a mouse)
to choose in preference to another or others
to move (data) from one place to another on the screen
to indicate the location
to make easier; assist the progress of
to make possible

СПС 7 GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE

Actions (→ GUI) to manipulate to point to select to click to double-click to touch to open to launch to drag to move around to switch	Abbreviation GUI	Actions (GUI→) to represent to interact to facilitate interaction to save time to give access
	Antonym command-line interface (CLI)
	Gender program
	Elements graphical environment graphics (graphical) tools desktop window menu drop-down (pull-down) menu pop-up menu menu item menu button bar menu bar scroll bar taskbar box dialog box pointer icon dock tile
Quality user-friendly touch-friendly innovative easy to use attractive successful		Location at the bottom of the screen at the top in the … corner

Прочитайте Текст 4 и выполните следующие задания:

назовите все элементы графического интерфейса, упомянутые в тексте;
прочитайте первый абзац текста и назовите слова, с помощью которых можно объяснить термин user interface, сформулируйте свое определение;
просмотрите второе и третье предложения первого абзаца. О каком типе пользовательского интерфейса идет речь? Какими словами его можно охарактеризовать?
просмотрите текст и найдите абзацы, в которых встречаются следующие глаголы: to save, to facilitate. Какая информация передается с помощью этих слов?
просмотрите четвертый абзац, какими словами можно было бы дополнить СПС GUI;
просмотрите текст и найдите все прилагательные, характеризующие интерфейс пользователя. Как Вы бы охарактеризовали пользовательский интерфейс, обладающий всеми этими качествами?

Text 4

GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE

The term user interface refers to the standard procedures the user follows to interact with a particular computer. At the beginning, the way in which users had access to a computer system was quite complex. They had to memorize and type a lot of commands just to see the content of a disk, to copy files or to respond to a single prompt. In fact, only experts used computers, so there was no need for a user-friendly interface. Now, however, computers are used by all kinds of people and as a result there is a growing emphases on the user interface.

A good user interface is important because when you buy a program you want to use it easily. Moreover, a graphical user interface saves a lot of time: you don’t need to memorize commands in order to execute an application; you only have to point and click so that its content appears on the screen.

Macintosh computers – with a user interface based on graphics and intuitive tools – were designed with a single clear aim: to facilitate interaction with the computer. Their interface is called WIMP: Window, Icon, Menu (or Mouse) and Pointer and software products for the Macintosh have been designed to take full advantage of its features using this interface. In addition, the ROM chips of a Macintosh contain libraries that provide program developers with routines for generating windows, dialog boxes, icons and pop-up menus. This ensures the creation of applications with a high-level of consistency.

Today, the most innovative GUIs are the Macintosh, Microsoft Windows and IBM OS/2 Warp. These three platforms include similar features: a desktop with icons, windows and folders, a printer selector, a file finder, a control panel and various desk accessories. Double-clicking a folder opens a window which contains programs, documents or further nested folders. At any time within a folder, you can launch the desired program or a document by double-clicking the icon, or you can drag it to another location.

The three platforms differ in other areas such as device installation, network connectivity or compatibility with application programs.

These interfaces have been so successful because they are extremely easy to use. It is well known that computers running under an attractive interface stimulate users to be more creative and produce high quality results, which has a major impact on the general public.

(Infotech: English for Computer Users, 3^rd edition)

Подберите определения к данным терминам; определите значения слов, выделенных курсивом, какими словами Вы бы дополнили СПС? Переведите определения:

1 desktop

2 window

3 icon

4 folder

5 menu bar

6 drop-down (pull-down) menu

7 scroll bar

8 dock

9 pointer

an arrow, controlled by the mouse, that allows you to move around the screen
set of icons at the bottom of the screen that give you access to the things you use most
a horizontal or vertical bar that is clicked and dragged in the desired direction
a list of options that appears below a menu item when selected
container for documents and applications; a directory that holds data, programs
a row of words that open up menus when selected
graphic image (or intuitive symbol) used to represent an object or task
an area of a VDU display that may be manipulated separately from the rest of the display area; it can contain files or folders
the background screen that displays icons and folders

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Руководство, инструкция по применению